Sustainability of wave energy resources in southern Caspian Sea (original) (raw)
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The objective of the present work is to evaluate the wind and wave energy resources along the Caspian Sea. Both remotely sensed data and results provided by numerical models were considered for this purpose. As regards the wind fields, the model data analysed are from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. For the waves, the SWAN spectral model was implemented and validated against satellite data along the entire basin of the sea. The results of the analyses show that while the wave energy appears to be irrelevant, considerable wind energy resources are available in the coastal environment of the Caspian Sea. Furthermore, the seasonal and spatial distributions of the wind energy were evaluated in terms of the power estimated to be delivered by the Siemens 2.3 wind turbines. Finally, using the same dataset, the wind conditions from the Caspian region were compared with those from some other locations in which offshore wind farms already operate. The main conclusion coming from the present work would be that the Caspian Sea, and especially its northern part which is characterized by very shallow water, represents an adequate environment for an effective extraction of the wind energy.
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Accurate assessment of wave energy potential has not been done so far in the offshore and nearshore waters of the Red Sea. In this paper, we present an assessment of wave energy resources in the Red Sea using numerical modelling. The wave conditions are simulated for 1979 to 2010 using a third generation ocean wave model, WAVEWATCH-III by forcing with CFSR winds. The model results are validated against in situ measurements in the Red Sea. The simulated wave parameters are used to estimate the wave power in the Red Sea during the 32 years e a reasonable long-term period for accurate assessment. The estimated wave power has been analyzed on a monthly, seasonal and inter-annual basis. The results indicate robust spatial and seasonal variations in mean wave power. Detailed investigations on wave energy potential have been carried out at a number of coastal locations in the Red Sea that consists of the coasts of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Egypt, Sudan and Eritrea. Inter-annual variability in the mean wave power is also analyzed and discussed.
Assessment of the wave energy in two enclosed seas
Maritime Engineering and Technology, 2012
The objective of the present work is to evaluate the wave energy resources in two enclosed seas, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. A first perspective of the wave and wind climate in these areas is given by a medium term analysis of some recent satellite data. This allowed the identification of the most energetic sectors. As a further step, wave prediction systems based on the SWAN spectral phase averaged model were implemented and validated in the two seas. Comparisons carried out against remotely sensed data show that these wave prediction systems generally provide accurate results in terms of significant wave heights. Finally, using the numerical wave models, the spatial distribution of the wave energy was analyzed for some case studies that correspond to the most relevant wave patterns. The present work gives some insight about the wave conditions, and the wave energy potential, in the basins of the Black and the Caspian Seas. Moreover, the perspective of the development of the wave energy devices for small amplitude waves is expected to be very dynamic in the near future and to bring technological breakthroughs. Thus following such tendencies, the problem of extracting this type of renewable energy in the Black and the Caspian Seas, most probable coupled in hybrid farms wind-waves, might become of actuality.
arXiv, 2019
There is a significantly accelerating trend in the application of the wave energy converters. As a result, it is imperative to adopt a suitable point for implementing these systems. Besides, the Caspian Sea, as one of the most important marine renewable energy sources in Asia, is capable of supplying the coastal areas with a large amount of energy. Therefore, areas around nine ports in the southern coasts of the Caspian Sea were selected to measure their wave energy potential. Initially, the amount of energy on these points was measured using the irregular energy theory. It was observed that the wave power was higher in the southwestern areas (within the Kiashahr coast and Anzali port) than the southeastern areas. A new approach was developed to compare these points and measure their fitness in supplying the maximum energy using the Grey Wolf optimizer (GWO) algorithm and time history analysis. In this way, the point with the highest level of wave energy can be predicted without calculating the wave power in each point based on the spectral analysis. In this method, the optimal parameters were first extracted from the algorithm for assessing the points within the southern areas of the Caspian Sea. These values were regarded as the assessment indices. Then, the fitness of each point was obtained using the correlation function and the norm vector to present the most optimal point with maximum waver energy exploitation potential. This new approach was validated with analytical data, and its accuracy in predicting and comparing the wave power on different points was approved. Finally, the side-by-side comparison of the parameters affecting the wave energy showed that an increase or decrease in the wave energy along the southern areas of the Caspian Sea is influenced more by the wave height than the depth on that points. Moreover, the waver energy concentration occurs in the range of Hs = 3 and T e range is between 0.75 × T emax and 0.85 × T emax. Figure 1: Seasonality of gross theoretical wave power distribution [2] (ratio of minimum monthly wave power and annual wave power); Low percentage indicates a high degree of seasonality. Areas colored brown, red and orange have relatively stable wave climate regimes.
Wave Energy Evaluations in Enclosed Seas
Abstract: - The present work has as main objective to evaluate the wave energy patterns in two enclosed seas. These are the Black and the Caspian seas. A medium term analysis of recent satellite data gives a first perspective of the wave and wind climate in the two sea basins. This allowed the identification of the areas that can be considered as most energetic. Wave prediction systems based on the third generation spectral model SWAN were implemented and validated in the two seas. A general picture on the wave conditions and the wave energy potential, in the basins of the Black and the Caspian seas is provided by the present work. The development of the wave energy devices for small amplitude waves is expected to be very dynamic in the near future. Following these tendencies, the problem of extracting this type of renewable energy in the two sea environments under consideration, most probable coupled in hybrid farms wind-waves, might become of actuality. Key-Words: - enclosed seas,...
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Wave energy potential along the south-east coasts of the Black Sea
Energy, 2012
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Assessment of off-shore wave energy in the Black Sea on the basis of long-term wave hindcast
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Wave energy assessments in the Black Sea
Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 2009
The present work aims to evaluate the wave energy resources in the Black Sea basin. The study is focused on the western part of the sea, which is traditionally considered as being more energetic. In order to give a first perspective of the wave climate, a medium-term wave analysis was carried out using in situ measured data. As a further step, a wave prediction system was implemented for the Black Sea. This was based on the simulating waves near-shore model, which is used for both wave generation and near-shore transformation. This methodology has the advantage that a single model covers the full scale of the modelling process. Various tests were performed considering data measured at three different locations. Special attention was paid to the whitecapping process, which is still widely considered to be the weak link in deep water wave modelling. Comparisons carried out against measured data show that the wave prediction system generally provides reliable results, especially in terms of significant wave heights and mean periods. By increasing the resolution in geographical space, the field distributions of wave energy were analysed for both high and average wave conditions. The analysis and the wave prediction system developed are a prerequisite for further investigations extended in time and with increased resolution in the nearshore direction.
Nearshore Wave Energy Assessment of Iranian Coastlines
Proceedings of the 4th World Congress on New Technologies, 2018
In this study, the measured wave data for year 2010 at 3 hour time step for six sites in the Caspian sea, Persian Gulf and Oman Sea of Iran have been statistically analysed to determine the wave power potential of Iranian coastlines. The statistical attitudes allows to estimate the significant weight height (Hs), peak wave energy period (Tp), and the wave energy flux for unit of crest length. This preliminary research aims to assess the nearshore wave energy potential and ultimately identify the best Wave Energy Converters (WECs) technology for the peculiar wave climate of the studied areas. Results show that wave power in Qeshm, Chabahar and Anzali presents the best potential and thus are the most indicated to be studied further the installation of Wave Energy Converters.