Assessment of tear film osmolarity using the TearLab(™) osmometer in normal dogs and dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (original) (raw)
Related papers
2017
In this study the osmolarity of the canine tear film as measured by the TearLab micro-osmometer was compared with the Schirmer Tear Test I (STT) in 100 dogs from the patient population at the Queen’s Veterinary School hospital, University of Cambridge and a UK animal rehoming facility. 153 eyes were ophthalmoscopically normal and 47 had varying degrees of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) as determined by STT values below 15mm/min. Animals underwent a full ophthalmic examination and then were sampled using the TearLab device to measure tear osmolarity followed by a standard Schirmer tear test I. Tear osmolality in eyes with normal tear production was compared to that in eyes with KCS using the Student’s T test. Correlation between STT and osmolarity data was investigated using the Pearson rank correlation coefficient. Tear osmolality was significantly higher in eyes with KCS (350 ± 27 mOsm) than in normal eyes (339 ± 23 mOsm) this difference significant at p<0.02. As high tear omo...
Qualitative and quantitative tear film abnormalities in dogs
Ciência Rural, 2008
Tear film disorders in dogs can be classified into quantitative or qualitative abnormalities, or both, and are commonly observed in daily clinical practice. Inadequate production of one or more tear film components can lead to variable degrees of ocular disorders, called keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs has several causes, but in most cases the disease is idiopathic, with T lymphocytes playing a role. In veterinary medicine, the diagnosis is made based on the results of the Schirmer tear test. In this article, we review aspects related to the etiopathogenesis and diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs and discuss new therapeutic modalities for this disease.
Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia
The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of cyclosporine 1% alone or associated with oral mucosa transplantation (OMT) in dogs with dry keratoconjunctivitis (KCS). Schirmer Tear Test (STT-1) and Tear Film Osmolarity (TFO) were measured in both eyes of 30 adult dogs (before and 45 days after treatment. The animals were divided into three groups (10 dogs for group): control (normal dogs), group I (GI, treated with 1% cyclosporine alone), and group II (GII, treated with 1% cyclosporine and OMT). All STT-1 and TFO values were subjected to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, and all were normally distributed. STT-1 and TFO values before and after treatment were subjected to the T-Student Test. The STT‐1 and TFO values of the right eye were subjected to Repeated Measures ANOVA followed by a Tukey Test for comparison between groups I and II. Means with a value of p≤0.05 were considered significant. There was a decreased osmolarity in both groups after treatment. Mean osmolarity in ...
Veterinary World, 2021
Background and Aim: Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is a chronic inflammatory ocular disease that occurs in many dog breeds worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the tear protein pattern of healthy dogs, KCS dogs, and KCS dogs after treatment with cyclosporine A (CsA). Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight dogs of any breed were enrolled in the study. The subjects were divided into three groups: Healthy, KCS, and CsA-treated dogs. Tear samples were collected using Schirmer strips. Tear proteins extracted from the strips were analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis. For the first dimension, total protein from tears was separated by isoelectric focusing. The second dimension was performed using 12.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The gel images were analyzed and the protein spots of differential expression were manually cut for protein annotation using mass spectrometry. Results: In total, 12 protein spots were excised and subjected to protein identification. Associated with KCS, six protein spots were a downregulated protein, namely, lysozyme. The other six protein spots were upregulated in KCS dogs, consisting of heat shock protein beta-1, protein S100-A12, and keratin type II cytoskeletal 1 and 5. After treatment with CsA for 45 days, the lysozyme protein was still decreasing and the inflammation protein (S100-A12) was not identified. Conclusion: Inflammatory tear proteins and proteins involved in cellular stress were present in KCS dogs and appeared to be reduced in medicated eyes. Treatment with topical CsA in the short term may not improve the activity of antibacterial proteins. Changes in the expression patterns of these four proteins might be useful for disease severity and progression assessment, as well as for exploring a novel method for dry eye management in dogs.
Baseline values of canine tear production determined by schirmer tear and phenol red thread tests
2010
Although research on canine tear production and dry eye has been reported in temperate countries in different breeds, there is no Malaysian data. On the average, at least two new cases of dry eye are diagnosed weekly at the University Veterinary Hospital (UVH) of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Currently in UVH the guidelines for the diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis (KCS) and monitoring of response to treatment are based on recommendations for temperate countries. Thus the objectives of this study were to determine the Malaysian baseline values for canine tear levels using Schirmer tear test (STT) and phenol red thread test (PRTT), the relationship between and diurnal effect on STT and PRTT in dogs. The average baseline values for canine tear production in healthy local dogs in Malaysia with normal tear film breakup time (TBUT) were within the range of average baseline values reported in temperate countries. The average STT value for both eyes was approximately 22 mm/min and the PRTT was approximately 26 mm/15 s. There was poor relationship between STT and PRTT. This might be due to the presence of one or more confounding factors. The red colour change in PRTT was more intense when STT was performed first followed by PRTT and vice versa. The intensity of red colour change in PRTT was even more when performed in KCS dogs. This is because the intensity of the colour change in the phenol red thread is due to increasing alkalinity. Thus, KCS dogs had more alkaline tears than normal dogs. The lowest tear level was in the afternoon when diurnal study was conducted. Hence, KCS tests should be performed in the afternoon in order to obtain a more accurate measurement of tear level. Tear levels fluctuate when normal dogs were exposed in clinic with air-conditioned environment. Therefore, KCS tests should be performed immediately when dogs arrived at the clinic.
TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of topical tacrolimus (0.1%) ointment in stimulating tear production in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). Thirty-six dogs (58 eyes) diagnosed with KCS were included in this study. KCS was grouped as early (E, n = 21 eyes), late (L, n = 21 eyes), and reflex tear due to corneal ulceration (R, n = 16 eyes) based on Schirmer tear test (STT) readings. The dogs in each group were randomly allotted treatment with either tacrolimus 0.1% ointment applied once daily (ET, n = 11 eyes; LT, n = 10 eyes; RT, n = 6 eyes) or cyclosporine (CsA) 0.05% eye drops instilled five times daily (EC, n = 10 eyes; LC, n = 11 eyes; RC, n = 10 eyes) for 2 months. The efficacy of the treatments was evaluated and comparison was made based on complete ophthalmic examination and a scoring system for various parameters like menace reflex, palpebral reflex, pupillary light reflex, conjunctival hyperemia, ocular discharge, corneal clarity, corneal ulceration, corneal vessel length, corneal vessel density, corneal pigmentation area, corneal pigmentation density, STT readings, fluorescein dye test, and Rose Bengal dye test. The effect of treatment was evaluated on day 15, 30, and 60 after treatments. Good quality digital photographs from a fixed distance were taken at each interval to aid subjective evaluation. Data were analyzed using one-way and repeated-measures ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, and Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's test to identify significant interactions. The level of significance was set to P < 0.05. Improvement in menace reflex and pupillary light reflex was observed in both treatment groups. Conjunctival hyperemia and ocular discharge decreased significantly after treatment with both of the drugs. There was no significant difference in improvement in tear production between treatment groups but tacrolimus 0.1% ointment significantly arrested the progression of pigments. The study concluded that both tacrolimus 0.1% ointment and CsA 0.05% eye drops improve tear production in KCS-affected dogs. Topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment effectively arrests the progression of pigmentation compared to CsA 0.05% eye drops in KCS-affected dogs.
Biotechnic & histochemistry : official publication of the Biological Stain Commission, 2015
We determined the concentrations of goblet and immune cells in conjunctival imprints and tissues of canines with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) before and after cyclosporine A (CsA) treatment. Twelve dogs with bilateral KCS were assigned to three groups: untreated, treatment group 1, and treatment group 2. The treatment groups were treated topically with 2% ophthalmic CsA solution for 45 days; CsA treatment group 2 was followed for an additional 30 days after discontinuation of the drug. Schirmer tear test (STT) scores were recorded prior to CsA treatment and on alternate days throughout the experiment. CsA treatment improved the STT scores, restored conjunctival histology, increased goblet and epithelial cell numbers, and decreased numbers of inflammatory cells. Although the STT scores regressed slightly at day 30 after discontinuing the treatment, the scores were higher than the baseline values. Topical CsA treatment resolved clinical signs of KCS, improved STT scores and restor...
49 Comparative Therapies in Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca in Dogs
2018
The study aimed to present the importance of the proper treatment in Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca in dogs depending on the evolution stage, approaching all the phases. It highlights the necessity of an urgent and accurate treatment in order to avoid blindness. The study is based on the clinical activity of The Department of Surgery from The Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, during 18 months. During the analyzed period were evaluated 472 dogs with keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, divided in three groups according to the evolutive stage. The treatment used the following products: for the first phase, artificial tear products based on hialuronic acid and carbomers such as HyCare®, Vidisic® and Xanternet®; for the second phase were used artificial tear products and cyclosporine 2% and for the third phase the treatment consisted in eye drops with prednisolone and ointment with tacrolimus. The healing process was complete in 4 to 24 weeks depending on the perseverance of the owner in ...
Veterinary Ophthalmology, 2020
Objective: To investigate the effects of various biological factors on total protein concentration (TPC) and serum albumin levels in canine tears. Animals Studied: 10 healthy beagles (5 female, 5 male) were used. Procedures: Experiments were conducted on separate days, collecting tears with either capillary tubes or Schirmer strips, as follows: (i) Tear collection at 3hr-intervals (from 6AM to 12AM); and (ii) Tear collection before and 20min following topical histamine application (1, 10, 375 mg/mL) to induce mild, moderate and severe conjunctivitis, respectively. TPC and serum albumin were measured with infrared spectroscopy and ELISA, respectively. Results: Tear film TPC and serum albumin ranged from 9.7-26.1 mg/mL and 6.4-1662.6 µg/mL, respectively. Protein levels did not differ significantly among time points (P≥0.080). Median coefficient of variation (CV%) was lower with Schirmer strips compared to capillary tubes for both TPC (12 vs. 15%, P=0.020) and serum albumin (57 vs. 78%, P=0.232). TPC (P < 0.001), but not serum albumin was greater in male vs. female dogs. Serum albumin, but not TPC (P≥0.099), increased significantly with each grade of conjunctivitis severity (P<0.001), with no differences between collection devices (P≥0.322); median increase was 106%, 1389% and 2871% in eyes with mild, moderate and severe conjunctivitis, respectively. Conclusions: There is no apparent diurnal variation in canine tear protein levels. Blood-tear barrier breakdown with conjunctivitis allows serum albumin to leak into the tear film at high concentrations. Schirmer strips compare well with capillary tubes for bioanalytical purposes in healthy and diseased eyes, and this collection method may offer improved reproducibility for protein quantification.