Cross-Reactivity Antibody Response after Vaccination with Modified Live and Killed Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVD) Vaccines (original) (raw)
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TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES
Modified killed vaccines against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are used worldwide. In the present study, the crossneutralization antibody responses against field strains from seven subgenotypes of BVDV-1 and one subgenotype of BVDV-2 were evaluated using sera obtained by three inactivated commercial vaccines. One vaccine contained both BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 strains, while the others contained only BVDV-1a. Three vaccine groups, each containing five calves, were vaccinated two times with 30day intervals. The antibody titers were evaluated by virus neutralization assay. The monovalent vaccine induced the highest antibody titers. Significant levels of neutralizing antibody titers were maintained up to the last sampling time. Although one vaccine contained the BVDV-2 strain, the lowest antibody titers were detected against field strains from BVDV-2, BVDV-1b, and BVDV-1r. This study indicated that cross-protective immune responses with the most common international BVDV vaccine strains need to be evaluated with challenge experiments against field strains for efficient protection.
Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 2011
The objective of this study was to determine the immunogenic properties of two experimental inactivated (mono -and multivalent) vaccines containing BVDV type 1 reference strains (NADL, W1. -162903, W2. -172984, W3. -173481, W4. -179725) and one local field isolate derived from a calf suffering from mucosal disease (MD). Normal healthy beef calves (Simmental race) of mixed sex, 6 to 7 months of age, were divided into three experimental groups: ten calves vaccinated twice (days 1 and 28) subcutaneously (s/c) with 2 ml of inactivated multivalent vaccine per animal (Group I); ten calves vaccinated twice (days 1 and 28) subcutaneously (s/c) with 2 ml of inactivated monovalent vaccine per animal (Group II) and 9 unvaccinated calves (Control group C). Blood sera were obtained from immunized animals (standard procedure: on days 0, 14, 28, 42 and 56 post-immunization). The immune response to BVDV vaccine strains was assessed by the indirect ELISA method (Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Antibody Test Kit BVDV HerdChek*BVDV Ab, Idexx Scandinavia AB), according to the producer's manual. BVD virus specific antibodies were first detected 42 days after primary immunization and 14 days after secondary immunization in both experimental groups of beef cattle and persisted until day 56 of the experiment. The statistically highly significant differences (of 99%) between Group I and Group II animals on days 42 and 56 of the experiment suggest considerably higher immunogenicity of the monovalent vaccine used to immunize Group II cattle.
African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2011
This study is aimed at evaluating the immunogenicity of two inactivated (mono-and polyvalent) vaccines containing bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) reference and field strains. Three experimental groups were formed: 10 calves vaccinated twice (days 1 and 28) subcutaneously (s/c) with 2 ml of inactivated polyvalent vaccine per animal (Group 1); 10 calves vaccinated twice (days 1 and 28) subcutaneously (s/c) with 2 ml of inactivated monovalent vaccine per animal (Group 2) and 9 unvaccinated calves (Control, Group C). Blood sera were obtained from immunized animals (standard procedure: on days 0, 14, 28, 42 and 56 post-immunization). Geometric mean titer (GMT) values for BVDV neutralizing antibodies were substantially higher in blood sera of calves receiving the inactivated monovalent vaccine. The immune response developed more rapidly in calves immunized with the monovalent vaccine.
Virus Neutralising Antibodies Against 22 Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Isolates in Vaccinated Calves
The Veterinary Journal, 2002
Seven of nine colostrum deprived calves, free from bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), were vaccinated with a commercially available vaccine containing two inactivated strains of BVDV, an inactivated strain of bovine herpesvirus-1 and modified-live strains of bovine respiratory syncytial virus and para-influenza-3 virus. The two other calves were kept as controls. The virus neutralising (VN) antibodies induced by vaccination were tested against 22 antigenically diverse BVDV isolates, including reference strains and field isolates, both cytopathic and non-cytopathic, as well as genotypes I and II. The strains were isolated in Belgium, France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the USA. While there were variations in the VN titres of the individual calves against all the strains, serum from the seven animals neutralised 20 or more of the strains tested. From the results, it can be concluded that the vaccine can stimulate the production of VN antibodies capable of neutralising a wide range of European and American isolates of BVDV, including genotypes I and II.
Journal of Virological Methods, 1992
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using monoclonal antibodies for capture and detection, was developed for detecting bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) antigens in blood samples. The test was evaluated using 761 field samples of known status (viraemic or not). When an appropriate cutoff value was chosen, the sensitivity, speci~city, and predictive values of the assay were lOO%, higher than the values obtained by classical virus isolation. Correlation with the latter technique exceeded 90%. The ELISA is a good candidate for replacing virus isolation as a reference method for BVDV antigen detection in persistently infected carriers. A method based on the mean of the standard deviation ratio can be used to choose the cutoff value in order to optimise reproducibility.
Evaluation of experimental vaccines for bovine viral diarrhea in bovines, ovines and guinea pigs
Revista Argentina de microbiología
The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection control should be based on elimination of persistently infected animals and on immunization through vaccination, to prevent fetal infection. However, the efficacy of inactivated BVDV vaccines is variable due to its low immunogenicity. This study evaluated the humoral immune response against homologous and heterologous strains of 7 inactivated BVDV vaccines, in bovines and two experimental models (ovine and guinea pig) which might be used to test candidate vaccines. Vaccines formulated with BVDV Singer, Oregon, NADL, and multivalent, induced seroconversion in the three animal models studied, reaching antibody titres higher than 2. Vaccine containing 125C -genotype 2- only induced a low antibody response in ovine, while VS-115 NCP vaccine was not immunogenic. Furthermore, bovine sera at 60 dpv presented homologous as well as heterologous antibody response, indicating a high degree of cross-reactivity among the strains studied. However, ...
Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 2008
The objective of this research project was to evaluate the antibody and cell-mediated immune responses to a multivalent vaccine containing killed bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2. Twenty castrated male crossbred beef cattle (350-420 kg body weight) seronegative to BVDV were randomly divided into two groups of 10 each. Group 1 served as negative mock-vaccinated control. Group 2 was vaccinated subcutaneously twice, 3 weeks apart, with modified live bovine herpesvirus 1, parainfluenza 3 virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus diluted in diluent containing killed BVDV type 1 (strain 5960) and type 2 (strain 53637) in an adjuvant containing Quil A, Amphigen, and cholesterol. Serum samples were collected from all cattle at days À21, 0, and days 21, 28, 35, 56 and 70 post-vaccination. Standard serum virus neutralization tests were performed with BVDV type 1 (strain 5960) and type 2 (strain 125C). Anticoagulated blood samples were collected at day 0, and days 28, 35, 56 and 70 post-vaccination. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated, stimulated with live BVDV type 1 (strain TGAN) and type 2 (strain 890) and cultured in vitro for 4 days. Supernatants of cultured cells were collected and saved for interferon gamma (IFNg) indirect enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Four-color flow cytometry was performed to stain and identify cultured PBMC for three T cell surface markers (CD4, CD8, and gd TCR) and to detect the activation marker CD25 (a chain of IL-2 receptor) expression. The net increase in %CD25+ cells (D%CD25+) of each T cell subset of individual cattle was calculated. The results of all postvaccination weeks of each animal were plotted and the areas under the curve of each T cell subset were statistically analyzed and compared between groups. The mean area under the curve of the D%CD25+ data for days 0-70 of all subsets, except CD4ÀCD8+gd TCRÀ (cytotoxic) T cell subset of both BVDV types 1 and 2 stimulated cells, of the vaccinated group were significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.05). IFNg production by PBMC from the vaccinated group showed significantly higher results (P < 0.05) than the control group in the BVDV types 1 and 2 stimulated cells for at least some time points after vaccination. The vaccinated group also had significantly (P < 0.0001) higher neutralizing antibody titers than the control group from day 28 onward.
Veterinary World, 2022
Background and Aim: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) are important pathogens of cattle and pigs, respectively, and belong to the genus Pestivirus. As CSFV has been shown to infect cattle, it can create diagnostic challenges of BVDV results through possible cross-reactivity where cattle could be exposed to pigs and CSFV. This study aimed to determine the possible cross-reactivity of BVDV and CSFV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results for antigen (Ag) and antibody (Ab) among smallholder dairy cattle in Kenya. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study based on a single visit to farms to collect serum samples and other descriptive farm-level and animal-level information. Testing for BVDV Ag and Ab was conducted on serum samples from 320 dairy cows and heifers, with CSFV Ag and Ab testing conducted on a subset of 133 and 74 serum samples, respectively. CSFV testing was based on BVDV test results and the availability of enough sample volume from farms that kept pigs. The Ag and Ab tests utilized IDEXX ELISA for both BVDV and CSFV. Results: For the 74 samples with Ab tests for both viruses, 40 (54.0%) were BVDV Ab positive, while 63 (85.1%) were CSFV Ab positive. Of the 40 BVDV Ab positive samples, 36 cattle (90.0%) tested positive for CSFV Ab. However, of the 34 BVDV Ab negative samples, 27 (79.4%) were CSFV Ab test-positive. For the 133 samples with Ag tests for both viruses, 125 (94.0%) were BVDV Ag positive, while 2 (1.5%) samples were CSFV Ag positive. None of the eight BVDV Ag negative samples was positive for CSFV Ag and only two (1.6%) of the 125 BVDV Ag positive samples were positive for CSFV Ag. Conclusion: The results indicate either substantial cross-reactivity of the two Ab ELISA tests, or reactivity with some other protein in the samples that led to the positive Ab test results. There was only limited evidence for cross-reactivity of the two Ag ELISA tests. We recommend that Pestivirus genus cross-reactivity be considered when interpreting BVDV ELISA results in cattle, more for Ab than Ag tests. Further research is needed to clarify the levels of cross-reactivity between BVDV and other Pestivirus Ag and Ab tests from animals on mixed-species farms.
Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2005
Immune responses to non-structural protein 3 (NS3) of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) were investigated. cDNA encoding NS3 from type 1a BVDV was used to vaccinate five calves, another five calves remained unvaccinated. Three weeks after final vaccination animals were challenged intranasally with heterologous type 1a BVDV. Anti-NS3 antibodies were detected in only one animal postvaccination. Partial protection from virus challenge was observed in the vaccinates. Virus was not isolated from nasal mucosa of two vaccinates, and virus clearance from nasal mucosa was faster in the vaccinates compared to the controls. While elevated rectal temperatures were evident in both groups 7 days post-challenge, the mean increase in the controls was twice that observed in the vaccinates. In conclusion, NS3 DNA vaccination induced humoral immunity in one calf, and prevented fever and virus establishment in the nasal mucosa in 2/5 calves, demonstrating the efficacy of NS3 vaccination, which may benefit future development of pestivirus and flavivirus vaccines.