Impact of COVID-19 on Tourism Sector of Asia & Pacific Countries Evidence from 20 Asia-Pacific Countries (original) (raw)

Reflections of Covid- 19 on Tourism Industry

Transition to New Normal After Covid-19 (Strategies to Turn Crisis into Opportunity), 2021

Introduction: Travel and tourism in the world have become the most important industry in terms of business, socio- cultural and economic development. Many countries or destinations recognize that tourism plays a critical role in the impact of GDP. The tourism industry plays an important role in travel, sightseeing, economic activities and customer satisfaction. The industry is a financial force for the local image of the destination (Abbas et al., 2021). In 2019, tourist mobility globally increased to about 1.5 billion. It is estimated that this number will exceed 1.8 billion by 2030 (Jamal & Budke, 2020). Travel and tourism provide people with the ability to contribute to different societies by offering fun and rich experiences and to make different cultural exchanges from those societies. In the 21st century, there is a rapid spread of products, information, and even diseases, thanks to a wide variety of travel opportunities. For this reason, with travel factors positive events and riskbearing factors can occur. Communities are constantly on the move, including workers, economic migrants, climate migrants, brain drains and tourists. These travel movements can have negative effects as well as providing the growth of tourism (Jamal & Budke, 2020). States and tourism industry stakeholders need to further investigate the international risks and impacts of travel and tourism activities. It is seen that the biggest effects on the tourism industry in the 21st century are shaped around two main factors like climate and pandemic diseases. The tourism industry can be affected not only by pandemics but also by disasters and political events. With the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and the global financial crisis of 2008, other diseases and now the COVID- 19 pandemic, tourism activities have come to a near standstill. However, although there is a global pandemic, many evaluations are made on how to eliminate these negative effects. It is among the evaluations that international tourism has the potential to be reborn (Brouder, 2020; Cheer, 2020). Infectious diseases are linked to the economic, scientific and political power of countries. In terms of the country’s economy, it is known that pandemics cause hundreds of billions of dollars of damage even in the last 20 years. In the world bank research of the past years, it is seen that the six major pandemics between 1997 and 2009 caused a loss of at least 80 billion USD (McCloskey et al., 2014). Pandemics have many harmful effects on societies. However, in parallel, social events also affect pandemics (Nathanson, 2016). These pandemics include Nipah virus, West Nile Fever, SARS, Avian Flu, BSE, and Rift Valley Fever (McCloskey et al., 2014). In particular, the 2019 Coronavirus (COVID- 19) pandemic is causing a lot of financial damage to countries. COVID- 19 has caused negative transitions in the gold, stock and cryptocurrency markets (Bai et al., 2021). Considering the losses caused by these diseases in the past; SARS has seriously affected Hong Kong’s tourism industry. Swine flu only affected certain places. South Korea has lost 2.1 million tourists from this outbreak. Since MERS started in the Middle East, it has affected the tourism industry of the countries there. Also, Ebola is known to damage the tourism image of many countries in Africa (Wassler & Fan, 2021). COVID- 19, on the other hand, caused significant losses in the Hong Kong tourism industry (Şengel et al., 2020). Travel restrictions and overseas travel bans have been introduced. Travel restrictions and overseas travel bans have been introduced. The Hong Kong tourism industry was adversely affected by the social events in July 2019 before the pandemic, and there was an 80.9 % decrease in tourist arrivals with COVID- 19 (Zhang et al., 2021). Again, the tourism industries of Russia, Thailand, Japan, Italy, France, USA, China, Turkey, Australia and Saudi Arabia are among the most affected. These countries had to close many restrictions and activities to the outside because of the pandemic (Şengel et al., 2020). As can be seen, infectious diseases have negatively affected many areas in society especially tourism, and still continue to affect them.

EFFECTS OF COVID-19 ON TOURISM INDUSTRY: A REVIEW

isara solutions, 2022

The importance of tourism sector in economic development has been recognized widely due to its contribution to the balance of payments, GDP and employment. Since last few years, Indian tourism industry has been growing at a rapid pace and it has vast potential for generating employment and earning large amount of foreign exchange. But due to spread of most infectious disease coronavirus which hit tourism sector very badly. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new pandemic that spreads primarily through contact with an infected person when person is suffering from cough or sneeze. The outbreak of COVID-19 is starting in China then spreading to worldwide that contributes to large number of deaths. To preventing spreading of this pandemic, many countries start implementing lockdown procedure to stopping the chain of infection for this new disease. The government-ordered lockdowns have disrupted life of billions and in the same time creates economic collapse scenario. The country with the most COVID-19 infections reported a record surge in unemployment. Many sectors of global economy suffers a lot to due to spread of COVID 19 and among all sectors-tourism is one which affected most because of lockdown and now people start avoiding travelling in domestic as well as internationally. With the large scale travel restrictions, quarantines, social distancing and lockdown, Covid-19 has given a major impact on the economic development worldwide. Due to resulting travel restrictions and drop in demand, Covid-19 pandemic also impact tourism industry significantly. This study attempts to try to understand the tourism sector growth and development in India and also examine the impact of Covid-19 outbreak on the Indian travel & tourism industry and also try to find suggestions or measures to overcome this worst situation.

Impact of Covid-19 on Tourism Economy

2021

The COVID-19 Pandemic in India is a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-C0V-2) (contributors, 2021,). The first case of COVID-19 in India was reported in Kerala on 30th January 2020. This pandemic has had economic consequences beyond the spread of the disease itself and attempt to quarantine it. It is one of the kind of humanitarian disasters which has affected people, business and all the sectors worldwide, causing recession with more than a one third of the Indian population at the time being placed on lockdown (Sanjita Jaipuria, 29 Nov 2020.). Tourism is one the sectors most affected by the pandemic; indeed 60% of tourism jobs were lost during the first wave of COVID-19. The tourism economy has been massively affected by the spread of coronavirus due to the imposed travel restrictions and slump in demand among travelers. Tourism industry plays crucial role in India's economic dev...

The Effect of COVID -19 on Tourism: A Comparative

2021

The Tourism industry is one of major contributors to national development. It plays a major role in nation’s economic development by bringing needed foreign exchange and creating jobs. There are many countries who have made have been put on the world made just because of tourism. The key when it comes to tourism is the ability of a nation to effectively put in place policies and structures that allow it to tap into its huge potential. Many people who have studied the field of tourism are in agreement that it has a huge role to play in ensuring sustainable and balanced national development With the Coronavirus pandemic however, the tourism industry has tremendously been affected resulting in adverse outcomes to tourists, employers, developing and developed nations around the globe. The disease is caused by a virus and affects the respiratory system. Code named SARS-CoV-2, it has brought the world to a standstill since the later part of 2019. It has had its effects on all aspects of l...

The Effect of COVID -19 on Tourism

Journal of Tourism and Hospitality, 2021

The Tourism industry is one of major contributors to national development. It plays a major role in nation's economic development by bringing needed foreign exchange and creating jobs. There are many countries who have made have been put on the world made just because of tourism. The key when it comes to tourism is the ability of a nation to effectively put in place policies and structures that allow it to tap into its huge potential. Many people who have studied the field of tourism are in agreement that it has a huge role to play in ensuring sustainable and balanced national development With the Coronavirus pandemic however, the tourism industry has tremendously been affected resulting in adverse outcomes to tourists, employers, developing and developed nations around the globe. The disease is caused by a virus and affects the respiratory system. Code named SARS-CoV-2, it has brought the world to a standstill since the later part of 2019. It has had its effects on all aspects of life as we know it and many nations are still battling to keep its deadly effects under control. The advent of this disease has affected the tourism sector to a very large extent most especially due to closure of national borders and the enforcement of lockdowns. This paper took a look at the situation in Ghana's tourism sector. The research work showed that Ghana is at a high risk of losing huge numbers of international visitors. It provides a model for putting actual numbers to the potential effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on the nation's tourism industry.

Tourism and Hospitality Industry During COVID-19: An Economic Perspective

iRASD Journal of Economics

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an ongoing tourism crisis. The most significant threat to the global economy since the Second World War is the product of unparalleled global travel constraints and residency orders. Tourism is particularly vulnerable to intervention to fight pandemics due to limited movement and social distance. Global markets, including tourist services such as world travel, domestic tourism, day trips, and parts as varied as air, cruises, transport, hotels, cafes and restaurants, conferences, festivals, meetings, or sports activities have automatically been affected by international, regional, and local travel restrictions. Leading to the dramatic stagnation of global air traffic and the fact that many countries have placed travel restrictions, closed borders, or initiated quarantine times, international and domestic tourism has reduced dramatically. Several countries have failed to return tourists home, with hundreds of thousands of people in all areas of the wor...

A Rapid Appraisal of COVID-19 on Global Tourism

2021

Following the outbreak of currently unvaccinatable novel coronavirus (COVID-19), along with a dramatic increase in the number of cases and deaths, greater terror postdated necessitating to lockdowns and restricted travels within and between borders as control measures for the virus spread. This incident has largely ravaged global tourism and economic activities. In particular, global air-travels which are key component for tourism has drastically dropped by 20-to-30 percent within this short course. On account of emergence-based challenges, the present study undertakes a rapid appraisal of COVID-19 on tourism to discover observed and expected impacts of COVID-19 on global tourism business as well as proffers inferences for the future of tourism that would support the tourism business to strive and expedite during pandemic diseases such as coronavirus.

AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON TOURISM SECTOR OF INDIAN ECONOMY

IAEME PUBLICATION, 2020

The Covid-19 pandemic has brought about an unprecedented crisis all over the world, with huge repercussions on economic, social, political and health dimensions. In this study, we explore the economic impacts in case of India, specifically on the most dynamic sector of the economy, namely the tourism sector. India with its geographically and culturally vast landscape attracts travelers for a multitude of reasons-from business to leisure. But after this pandemic the position of tourism sector became unpredictable and unimaginable. The economic consequences of this outbreak will be serious and it will cause damages to tourist destinations including hospitality sectors. The tourism sector will face various problems like decline in domestic and foreign tourists, reduce foreign exchange earnings, unemployment etc. This paper is an effort to identify the consequences faced by the tourism sector during the pandemic period and suggest some measures for the post protection and upliftment of the sector.

Impact of COVID-19 on Tourism Industry

JICR, 2021

Tourism plays an important role in the growth of international economy. In 2019, tourism sector accounted for 29 % of the world"s services exports and 300 million jobs globally (UNCTAD, 2020). Tourism is an important source of global income and employment and contribute significantly in GDP of the countries. The global contraction of tourism arrivals due to COVID-19 could have devastating impacts worldwide. The paper focuses on the study of the effects of closure of countries borders for visitors and tourists on the tourism industry worldwide due to COVID-19.