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Energy Aware GPSR Routing Protocol in a Wireless Sensor Network

Zede Journal, 2011

Energy is the scarce resource in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), and it determines the lifetime of WSNs. For this reason, WSN algorithms and routing protocols should be selected in a manner which fulfills these energy requirements. This paper presents a solution to increase the lifetime of WSNs by decreasing their energy consumption. The proposed solution is based on incorporating energy information into Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) Protocol. The proposed solution performs better in energy consumption, network lifetime and packet delivery ratio, with a performance gain of Network Lifetime 45.9% - 78.69%. However, the performance is comparatively low in average delay because of computational complexity. Key Words: Wireless Sensor Networks, GPSR protocol, Geographical routing protocol, `Energy aware routing protocol

A Review on Enhanced GPSR protocol For Wireless Sensor Networks

Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems, 2011

Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR), a novel routing protocol for wireless datagram networks that uses the positions of routers and a packet's destination to make packet forwarding decisions. It also offers routing support for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). However, GPSR was designed for the symmetric links (bidirectional reachable), but sensor networks are often asymmetric in nature. So, when the destination is outside the boundary GPSR suffers by energy inefficiency as it has to trace through all the nodes in the boundary for reaching the destination. In this paper a modified version of GPSR is proposed which identifies optimal route based on energy utilization and overcome problems in GPSR so that the feasibility of using GPSR in asymmetric WSN can be increased. The simulation results prove that the energy and delay is minimized and hence the proposed protocol outperforms the existing routing protocol for WSN.

Energy efficient WSN Protocols: A Survey

The wireless sensor networking mainly suffers from the fact that the nodes have low energy backup. Some issues in WSNs are that sensor nodes have constrained in terms of processing power, communication bandwidth, and storage space. Due to low energy backup several nodes may die out soon and there may be loss of data. Various routing algorithm have been developed to increase the lifetime of the network. Some of the types of routing protocol are cluster based routing protocol, chain based routing protocol, hierarchical routing protocol and hybrid routing protocol .In this paper we discuss the various protocols such as LEACH, PEGASIS, IEEPB, PDCH, TEEN, APTEEN, CCM, CCBRP, TSCP and see how they are simulated.

IMPROVING GEOGRAPHICAL ENERGY AWARE ROUTING PROTOCOL TO ENHANCE LIFETIME OF WSNs

IJCSMC, 2018

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are composed of small battery-powered devices with limited energy resources which are called wireless sensor nodes. Once the sensor node is deployed, the battery of the wireless sensor node cannot be charged. Clustering algorithms are one of the main techniques used to minimize the energy consumption of sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks. However, how to choose a cluster head in a clustering algorithm is a major challenge. In this work, we studied the expected transmission count for wireless sensor networks and Modified geographical energy-aware routing protocol. We divide the wireless sensor node into four logical regions based on the location area in the sensing field. We installed a gateway node at the center of the sensing field and installed a base station away from the sensing field. If the distance of the wireless sensor node from the gateway or base station is less than a predetermined distance threshold, the wireless sensor node communicates directly. The remaining two areas are far from the gateway or base station, and choose the cluster head independent of each area. These cluster heads are selected based on the same probability as LEACH, remaining energy and expected transmission counts (ETX). We compare the performance of our proposed protocol with the Modified geographical energy-aware routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Performance analysis and comparison of statistical results show that our proposed protocol performs well in terms of throughput, packet transmission rate, energy consumption, and network lifetime by considering Residual energy and ETX while selecting Cluster Head (CH).

Energy Efficient Direction Based Routing Protocol for WSN

IAEME, 2019

ABTRACT Energy consumption is one of the limitations in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The routing protocols are the hot areas to address quality-of-service (QoS) related issues viz. Energy consumption, network lifetime, network scalability and packet overhead. The key issue in WSN is that these networks suffer from the packet overhead, which is the core cause of more energy consumption and damage the QoS in sensor networks. In WSN, there are several routing protocols which are used to improve the performance of the network. Out of those protocols, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol is more appropriate in terms of small energy density, but sometimes when the mode of a node changes from active to sleep, the effectiveness decreases as the data packets needs to wait at the initial point where the packet has been sent and this increases the waiting time and end to end interruption of the packets which leads to increase in energy consumption. Our problem is to recognize the dead nodes and to choose another suitable path so that the data transmission becomes smoother and less energy gets preserved. In order to resolve these issues, we propose directional transmission-based energy aware routing protocol named as PDORP. The proposed protocol PDORP has the characteristics of both Power Efficient Gathering Sensor Information System (PEGASIS) and DSR routing protocols. In addition, hybridization of Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO) is applied to proposed routing protocol to identify energy efficient optimal paths. The performance analysis, comparison through a hybridization approach of the proposed routing protocol gives better result comprising less bit error rate, less delay, less energy ingesting and better throughput which leads to better QoS and prolong the lifetime of

A modified distance-based energy-aware (mDBEA) routing protocol in wireless sensor networks (WSNs)

Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 2022

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are used to collect data and detect phenomena in a real-time environment. There is considerable interest in the deployment of WSNs in remote, inaccessible and inhospitable locations; such use of WSNs throws up many challenges. WSNs come with numerous advantages, yet a notable limitation is that the battery life dictates the lifetime of the sensor node. Two critical factors that determine battery lifetime are the frequency of sensor readings and the transmission range of the sensor nodes. Some energy-efficient routing protocols have been proposed and adopted for use to extend the lifetime of sensor nodes. These protocols aim at optimizing the routes in the network. Given that multi-hop routes are energy inefficient, improving the lifetime of WSNs in a multi-hop routing environment will require the use of route optimization techniques. A modified distance-based energy-aware (mDBEA) routing protocol is proposed which is efficient and capable of minimizing the energy consumption of the sensor nodes and hence, maximizing network lifetime. Our approach addresses the problem by calculating the Euclidian distance between successive nodes to determine the shortest distance that minimizes the energy required for transmission. The simulation results indicate that the mDBEA routing protocol reduced the amount of energy consumed in the network by choosing the minimum transmission distance between the source and its neighbour nodes that significantly prolonged the network's lifetime. Our greedy approach yielded about 95% Packet delivery ratio (PDR). Our next-hop and the direct-to-sink algorithms yielded about 82% PDR.

Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review

A wireless sensor network is a collection of sensor nodes arranged into a Prespecified/random way in the concerned Geographical region. Nowadays, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are dramatically becoming more popular and widely being used in variety of application like battlefield, medicals and several other areas because they are cheap in cost and have the ability to sense data irrespective of environment conditions. Routing in WSNs consumes the most of sensors nodes energy if we are able to make an energy conserving routing protocol then we will be able to conserve the considerable amount of energy which will enhance the Network lifetime.

Energy Aware Location Based Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

2019

Wireless Sensor Networks have played a great role in various application domains like environmental tracking for precision agriculture, structural health monitoring, patient health monitoring, intrusion detection, earthquake or volcano prediction and industrial monitoring etc. The major design issues to be dealt in Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are its resource constraint nature, limited network lifetime and scalability. The most stringent of all is energy consumption and battery life which actually limits the network lifetime. This paper presents various energy aware location based routing protocols and in depth comparison based on various characteristics such as routing selection method, data aggregation, routing metrics, periodic message type, scalability, energy efficiency, robustness, event/query based and strengths.

Energy Efficient Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

ieeexplore.ieee.org, 2011

This paper represents energy efficient routing protocols in WSN. It is a collection of sensor nodes with a set of limited Processor and limited memory unit embedded in it. Reliable routing of packets from the sensor node to its base station is the most important task for the networks. The routing protocols applied for the other networks cannot be used here due to its battery powered nodes This paper gives an overview of the different routing strategies used in wireless sensor networks and gives a brief working model of energy efficient routing protocols in WSN. It also shows the comparison of these different routing protocols based on metrics such as mobility support, stability, issues and latency.

Survey on Wireless Sensor Network Applications and Energy Efficient Routing Protocols

Wireless Personal Communications, 2018

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a group of small power-constrained nodes that sense data and communicate it to the base station (BS). These nodes cover a vast region of interest (ROI) for several purposes according to the application need. The first challenge encountered in WSNs is how to cover the ROI perfectly and send the monitored data to the BS. Although the energy introduced during setup phase and the violation of energy fairness constraint of dynamic routing topologies, they achieve high network performance in terms of coverage and connectivity. In this paper, we categorize the applications of WSN based on different aspects to show the major protocol design issues. Thus, the energy efficiency of the recent proactive routing protocols is studied from different angles. The energy overhead and energy fairness of each protocol were carefully analyzed. The most energy efficient routing protocols for homogeneous proactive networks were studied and compared to highlight the research challenges and existing problems in this area. The results proved that energy overhead and route selection are the most effective aspects of network lifetime and network efficiency.