“Comparative Assessment Of Glucose Determination In Blood Using Fabricated Colorimeter And Strip-Based Commercial Glucometer” (original) (raw)
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Non-Invasive Monitoring of Glucose
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Introduction : Diabetes is a trivial disease as heart attack and cancer. Diabetes can lead to kidney failure, blindness, and amputation. It was estimated by the World Health Organization that there will be 177 million who suffered diabetes in 2000.In 2030, diabetes is predicted to be the 7th leading cause of death in the world. Available glucometers uses invasive mechanism. Diabetic patients need to monitor their blood glucose two to three times a day. A recent studies have indicated that the health risks associated with diabetes are significantly reduced when the blood glucose level are well and frequently controlled. Thus having proper monitoring at home or work is important. At present, the common existing methods of blood glucose monitoring require obtaining a blood sample by pricking a fingertip with a needle. These methods sometimes discourage the patient to take the test because the procedure is invasive. Non-invasive methods of monitoring blood glucose level are more superior to the current invasive method. A portable and non-invasive glucose meter is highly demanded by the society. There are many approaches on designing non-invasive glucose meter. Near infrared method is safe as there is no direct electrical contact between the patient and the device. The concentration of glucose in the blood is calculated based on the scattering and absorption of light through the blood. The level of the concentration is displayed on the LCD. In addition to near infrared method, there are a variety of the optical methods for the non-invasive technique like Raman's spectroscopy, photo acoustic spectroscopy, polarization technique, polarimetry and light scattering. So, developing a non invasive way of measuring blood glucose would be much more convenient from the end user prospective. The aid from irritation and unease due to frequent finger pricks and reduction in medical waste would be the main advantages of non invasive glucose meter. Non invasive analysis of the glucose minimizes all the above troubles involved and hence cut down the healthcare cost. The NIR circuit includes an infrared emitter and a photodiode mounted side-by-side and pressed closely against the skin. The output of the photodiode is connected to the amplification circuitry. The amplified signal is fed as an input to the microcontroller where the glucose level is calculated using regression analysis. The calculated value of glucose is displayed on the LCD. The pulse sensor involves an in-built circuitry which is used to obtain the voltage values in analog form. The voltage values obtained are converted into glucose level by carrying out the regression analysis in the microcontroller. The obtained glucose level is then displayed on LCD.
Non-invasive glucose measurement technologies: an update from 1999 to the dawn of the new millennium
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Biosensor Fabrication for the Blood Glucose LevelDetermination
Electronic Journal of Biology, 2016
The in vitro measurement of glucose is of great importance in clinical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Purification and Immobilization carried out for the localization of biosynthesized enzyme with retention of its activity, stabilization, improvement of enzyme performance and continuous use of enzyme in several reactions. Glucose oxidase was produced from corn steep liquor as substrate and Aspergillus niger as organism, afterwards purification was conceded by ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatographic techniques. The specific activity of crude and desalted enzyme was found 3.45 U.mg-1 and 16.52 U.mg-1 respectively. For further purification, sample subjected to ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography to achieve 37.04 U.mg-1 and 58.45 U mg-1 specific activities. Purified glucose oxidase had been used to immobilize on a solid support for the determination of glucose levels and compared with the commercially ava...
Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 1993
We describe a laboratory assessment of five blood glucose meters. The instruments' analytical characteristics under optimum laboratory conditions and examination of potential sources of errors were intercompared. All glucometers produced precise results, and in all but one meter the CV values varied between 1.5% and 6%. CV's for reproducibility and within-day precision of Glucometer Gx were 10.5% and 7.3%. Sample volume, blood incubation time and colour stability of the strip may influence the results of blood glucose measurements with glucose meters. Underloading the sample strip had statistically significant effects on normal blood glucose values for all meters. One Touch II gave also significantly different results when the strip was overloaded. Incubation times shorter or longer than those recommended by the manufacturer influenced the results of all glucose meters. After colour development of the strip, changes were small for Haemo-Glukotest 20-800R strips and Glucotrix, whereas Accutrend glucose strips had to be read immediately following the prescribed incubation time. Comparison of the glucose meter results with those obtained by the hexokinase method showed good correlation coefficients for Reflolux S (r = 0.992), Accutrend (r = 0.988), One Touch II (r = 0.942), Glucometer Gx (r = 0.986) and Glucocard (r = 0.976). Error grid analysis showed that the results of all meters were clinically correct. Variations in haematocrit are known to be a source of errors when blood glucose is determined with a test strip. In the normoglycaemic range the results obtained with Accutrend and Glucocard were not influenced by even extreme haematocrit values. In the high glucose concentration range there was a decrease in blood glucose values with increasing haematocrit for all meters. This error was smaller with Accutrend and Glucocard than with the other meters.