Defects and Grading of Hides and Skins in Kordofan Region, Sudan (original) (raw)
Related papers
Grading of Kordofan Hides and Skins by Quality
Agriculture and Natural Resources, 2015
This study was carried out at Elobeid, Elnohud and Babanosa locations of Kordofan Region. 75 pieces from each of cattle hides and goat skins and 100 pieces of sheep skins were randomly selected for field grading in each location. Grading results indicated that the most common defects to Kordofan hides and skins was flaying defects, followed by branding on cattle hides, putrefactive taints, mechanical damages, inadequate salting defects, and lastly skin diseases defects.
Apparent defects and grading of hides and skins in East Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Gojjam zone at three woredas (Dejen, Sinan and Awable). Three warehouses from each woreda were purposively selected and used to generate the data from cow hide, sheep and goat skins. 10% of the total stocks were taken randomly from each warehouse and a total of 180 hides, 2250 sheep skin and 765 goat skins were examined by using close observation. Hides and skins were graded according to the standard set by the Ethiopian Quality and Standard Authority. From these amounts, 74 (41.1%) hides, 750 (33.3%) sheep skins, 151 (31.4%) wet salted and 88 (30.9%) air dried goat skins were grade I; 90 (50%) hides, 1380 (61.3%) sheep, 261 (54.4%) wet salted and 168 (58.9%) air dried goat skins were grade II; 16 (8.9%) hides, 120 (5.3%) sheep skins, 67 (14%) wet salted and 29 (10.2%) air dried goat skin were grade III; and 1 (0.2%) wet salted goat skin was grade IV. The leading observed defects that downgrade the hides were filthiness with a value of 142 (17.9%), gouge mark with a value of 140 (17.7%) and poor pattern with a value of 107 (13.5%). Poor pattern and salt pitting on the hide showed a significant difference at P<0.05 significant level. However there is no significant difference on other defects. The observed primary defects on the sheep skin were filthiness with a value of 494 (22%), poor pattern with a value of 319 (14.2%) and gouge mark with a value of 221 (9.8%). Fly cut, poor pattern, salt crystallization and hard spot showed a marked statistical difference at p<0.05 significant level. The most important defects observed on the wet salted goat skin were filthiness with a value of 136 (28.3%), poor pattern with a value of 88 (18.3%) and fly cut with a value of 75 (15.6%). In this case, poor pattern, filthiness, scores, salt crystallization and salt pitting have shown a significant difference between woredas at P<0.05 significant level. Filthiness with a value of 88 (28.8%), poor pattern with a value of 40 (14%) and fly cut with a value of 32 (11.2%) were the forefront defects of air dried goat skin. Fly cut, poor pattern, corduroying, filthiness and weak spot have shown a statistical significant difference at P<0.05 significant level. This indicates that most defects on hides and skins occurred during slaughtering operations. Therefore, more attention should be taken during slaughtering of animals to get quality hides and skins for national as well as international market, and maximize the country's foreign currency exchange.
Study on Value Addition of Leathers From Ethiopian Cow Hides: Strategy Toward Quality Improvement
2014
Although the raw cow hide supplies for tanners are not small, producing quality leather is difficult, which can compete for international market. From the total export of finished leather in the year 2011/2012 only 10.7% is the share for finished cow leathers. Main types of problem that alter production of quality cow leather are both anti- mortem defects (scratches, rub mark, or horn rake pox, brand mark, wound etc) and post-mortem defects (fly cuts, fleshing cuts and putrification) that degrade the value. The study on this research reveals that surface defects mainly scratches and fly cuts largely and wound in certain extent are major drawbacks for not having quality product. To have an insight about our raw material, Ethiopian cow hide nature, and to standardize a process technology both chemical characterization such as hydroxyproline content, fat content, nitrogen content, moisture content and chromic oxide content and physical characterization such as tensile strength, tear st...
Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 2015
Skins and hides are perishable resources that can be damaged by parasitic diseases and human error, which result in downgrading or rejection. This study was conducted to identify defect types and to determine their prevalence in pickled sheep and wet blue goat skins and wet blue hides. Each selected skin or hide was examined for defects in natural light and the defects were graded according to established quality criteria in Ethiopian standard manuals. Major defects were captured by digital photography. The major pre-slaughter defects included scratches (64.2%), cockle (ekek) (32.8%), wounds or scars (12.6%), lesions from pox or lumpy skin disease (6.1%), poor substance (5%), branding marks (2.3%) and tick bites (1.5%). The presence of grain scratches in wet blue hides (76.3%) was significantly higher than in pickled sheep (67.2%) and wet blue goat (59.1%) skins. The major slaughter defects included flay cuts or scores, holes, poor pattern and vein marks, with a higher occurrence in...
Research Article, 2019
Hides and skins are important byproducts of livestock playing significant role in the Ethiopian economy. However, the potential of the sector is not adequately exploited due to factors limiting quality of the products. The objective of this study was therefore to identify the major defects of hide and skins and assess their impact on quality. The study was conducted in eight purposely selected tanneries in and around Addis Ababa. Overall, 648 hides, 648 sheepskins and 324 goatskins were assessed at wet-blue stage for defects and quality grading. Defects were categorized into pre-slaughter, peri-slaughter and post-slaughter problems. The findings showed 13 different types of defects; the major ones being cockle (28.4-60%), scratch (31-40.74%), scar (9.72-17.9%), flaying defect (35.2-69.44%) and putrefaction (20.2-25.31%). No single hide or skin was found free of defects. Irrespective of the type and number of defects observed, no skin or hide was found to fall in grades 1 and 2 whereas grades 3 and 4 accounted for only 0.31-2.47%. On the other hand, majority of the hides and skins were grouped in either low grade (5 and 6) or reject categories. Similarly, out of the total sample examined, pre-, peri-and post-slaughter defects accounted for 70-87%, 36.7-75.3% and 27.2-32.9% respectively. When data were filtered for each defect category to show the impact of each on quality, pre-and post-slaughter defects caused maximum loss of quality in cattle hide and sheepskins whereas peri-and post-slaughter defects were responsible for higher loss of quality in goatskins. Similarly, highest rate of rejection was caused by post-slaughter problem in cattle hide (66.7%) and goatskins (67%). About 66-73% and 17-18% of hides and skins were Research Article Volume 2 Issue 4
Hide and Leather Quality of Baggara Cattle
This study was designed to investigate the effect of sex and age on the leather quality of Baggara breeds of Sudan cattle. Thirty pieces of fresh hides from ox, heifer and cow were chosen for this study purpose. For whole variations between the selected hides Statistix8 Program was used for variance analysis on Complete Randomized Design. The results revealed that, heifer hides yield better upper leather on physical properties [Elongation %, Tensile strength (kg/cm2), Cracking load (kg), Thickness (mm), Tear load (kg/cm) and Flexibility] than ox and cow hides. Leather chemical properties were affected (p≥0.05) by both sex and age of the animals. Ox and cow hides were scored the high values of Moisture and Fat contents, in the other hand heifer hide was reported the high values of Ash and chrome contents.
Effects of skin and hide defects on quality grades and physical characteristics of crust leather
Ethiopian Veterinary Journal, 2020
Leather is one of the important export commodities in Ethiopia. However, itsquality and physical characteristics are affected by diseases, handling and storage problems. A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify major hide and skin defects and assess their effect on quality grades and physical characteristics of crust leather. A total of 6530 hides and skins were inspected at Sheba Tannery and Leather Industry Private Limited Company (PLC) through standard operative procedures. For tests on physical characteristics of crust leather, top 6 defects of skin and hide were identified thereby each 5-crust leather per defect were evaluated by standard experiments for determining testing tensile strength, tear strength and percentage elongation at break. The overall hide and skin rejection was 32.7%. The rejection in wet blue hide (23.5%) was higher than for wet blue salted and dry goatskins (5.1%) and pickled sheepskins (4.1%). Scratch (20.5%), Wound (14.6%) and Cockle (12.7%), we...
Leather quality of some Sudan desert sheep and goats
Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, 2016
This trial is aimed to study leather properties that produced from Sudan Desert sheep and goats in relation to breed type and age category. Thirty pieces of fresh sheep and goats skins were collected randomly (15 for each) during January 2015. The collected skins were tanned and the produced leather properties were studied. The Statistix 8 program for variance analysis was used for data analysis. The study samples were taken according to the Complete Randomized Design. Sheep leather results revealed that, lamb's skin was significantly (P ≥0.05) produced better quality leather than ram's and ewe's skins in elongation %, tensile strength (kg cm-2), cracking load (kg), thickness (mm), tear load (kg cm-1), flexibility and moisture %. While it was yielded leather with the same characteristics to ram's and ewe's leather in ash %, fat % and chrome %. Leather prosperities [elongation %, tensile strength (kg cm-2), cracking load (kg), tear load (kg cm-1), flexibility and ash %] were significantly (P ≥0.05) affected by breed variation. On the other hand thickness (mm), moisture %, fat % and chrome% were not significantly (P ≥0.05) affected by breed. Ram's skin was produced better quality leather than ewe's skins. Goat's leather results revealed that, kid goat's skin was significantly (P ≥0.05) produced better quality leather than bucks and doe's skin in tensile strength (kg cm-2), cracking load (kg), thickness (mm), tear load (kg cm-1) and flexibility degree. But kids and buck's skins were produced the same quality leather in elongation % and moisture % with significant variation (P ≥0.05) to doe's leather. Kid's skin yields leather with the same characteristics to buck's and doe's leather in ash %, fat % and chrome %. Generally Desert goats produce slightly better quality leather than Nubian goats. Leather prosperities [cracking load (kg), tear load (kg cm-1) and Ash %] were significantly (P ≥0.05) affected by breed variation. Elongation %, tensile strength (kg cm-2), thickness (mm), moisture %, fat %, flexibility and chrome % were not significantly (P ≥0.05) affected by goats breed.
Evaluation of Sudanese Arabi Camel Hides for Leathers Manufacturing
This study was designed to evaluate camel hide's leather physical and chemical characteristics for leather manufacturing. For study purpose thirty pieces of fresh camel hides were obtained from slaughterhouse in the three seasons of the year (winter, summer and autumn). Ten pieces at each season of entire male Arabi camel on an average age of 3-4 years were collected, storing and tanned. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used for data analysis. The results revealed that, camel leather physical quality elongation, flexibility, resistance to grain cracking and tear strength were below the minimum threshold of Sudanese, Indian and Europe standards specification for cattle leather. On the other hand average tensile strength, breaking load, double holes tear strength and camel leather chemical quality parameters (Moisture, Ash, chrome oxide and fat) were in and above the minimum threshold of Sudanese, Indian and Europe standards specification for cattle leather.
2016
Due to high cost and unavailability of commercial mimosa in some parts of Kenya, there is a continued research on discovering cheap and locally available tanning agents for use in leather production. The quality of leathers produced using various vegetable tanning materials from plants locally growing in Laikipia County was evaluated and compared with standard mimosa produced leathers. The leathers were produced using vegetable tanning materials from Acacia nilotica, Acacia xanthophloea and Hagenia abyssinica plants and standard mimosa. The physical properties of leathers were determined using standard IUP methods which include: tearing strength, tensile strength, flexing endurance, shrinkage temperature, grain crack and grain burst tests. The quality of leathers tanned with these vegetable tanning materials were comparable to those tanned with commercial mimosa and all of them had more than the minimum set standards such as tearing strength 20 N, tensile strength 12 N/mm 2 , flexin...