Production of Rigid Polyurethane Foams Using Polyol from Liquefied Oil Palm Biomass: Variation of Isocyanate Indexes (original) (raw)
Related papers
Processing and Properties of Palm Oil-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foam
Rigid polyurethane (PU) foam has been prepared from palm oil-derived polyol. The polyol was synthesized by transesterification reaction of palm oil and pentaerythritol using calcium oxide as a catalyst. The obtained palm oil-based polyol was reacted with commercial polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate in the presence of water (blowing agent), N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (catalyst) and polydimethylsiloxane (surfactant) to produce rigid PU foam. The effects of the amount of the catalyst and surfactant on foam properties (i.e. density, compressive strength and thermal behaviors) were studied. It was found that the density of the foams decreased whereas the compressive strength increased with the increasing amount of catalyst and that they were in the range of 38.7-59.0 kg/m 3 and 193.6-268.4 kPa, respectively, while an increased amount of surfactant showed negligible effect on these two properties. Furthermore, TGA revealed that the degradation temperature of the prepared foams was about 377°C. Moreover, scanning electron micrographs showed that the cells of the obtained PU foams were closed cells. In addition, the foams were found to have higher number of cells as the concentration of catalyst increased, while the uniformity of cells increased with increasing amount of surfactant.
Polymers, 2020
Developing polyols derived from natural sources and recycling materials attracts great interest for use in replacing petroleum-based polyols in polyurethane production. In this study, rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams with various isocyanate indices were obtained from polyols based on rapeseed oil and polyethylene terephthalate (RO/PET). The various properties of the prepared PUR foams were investigated, and the effect of the isocyanate index was evaluated. The closed-cell content and water absorption were not impacted by the change of the isocyanate index. The most significant effect of increasing the isocyanate index was on the dimensional stability of the resulting foams. This is due to the increased crosslink density, as evidenced by the increased formation of isocyanurate and increase of the glass transition temperature. Additionally, the influence on compression strength, modulus, and long-term thermal conductivity were evaluated and compared with reference PUR foams from commerc...
Using two different formulations with isocyanate/polyol (NCO/OH) ratios of 1/2 and 1/1, rigid castor oil-based polyurethane foams (RCPUFs) were prepared by one-shot method. Foam reaction involved glycerolyzed castor oil containing varying concentrations (10-60 wt.%) of the modifier, and 80:20 mixture of 2,4-and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) at room temperature, in presence of stannous octoate and dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) catalysts, methylene chloride (physical blowing agent) and silicone oil (surfactant). Hydroxyl number range for the modified castor oil polyols (MCOPs) was 168 – 320mgKOH/g. Foams obtained were characterized in terms of their process parameters such as cream time, free-rise time, gel time, tack-free time and foam rise, as well as their physico-mechanical properties namely: density, water absorption, compressive strength and creep recovery. RCPUF density varied over the range 24.50-50.50 kg/m 3 ; water absorption (0.73 – 2.20%); compressive strength (89.20 – 450.20 KN/m 2), while creep recovery values were in the range 18.50 – 28.50%. These characteristics were compared with those of the neat castor oil-based polyurethane foams (PUFs) prepared using same formulations. Microstructural imaging using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicates rigid, cellular morphology for the RCPUFs, with high modifier-containing RCPUFs exhibiting fibre-like morphology, while morphology for the neat foams was essentially semi-rigid. Rigidity in structure of the glycerol-modified foams (GMFs) produced from hydroxyl-rich polyols was attributed largely to network formation likely resulting from allophanate and urea crosslinking reactions. It was evident especially at NCO/OH ratio of 1/1 that the higher the hydroxyl functionality in polyol, the higher the conversion into allophanate and biuret moieties via secondary polyurethane (PU) reactions, and ultimately the greater the complexity in PUF structure due to higher degree of crosslinking.
SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE PROPERTIES OF RIGID POLYURETHANE FOAM FROM PALM OIL BASED POLYOL. Rigid Polyurethane foams were synthesized from palm oil based polyol. The polyol used was hydroxy-methoxy polyol which were prepared from epoxidation and hydroxylation process (called as HMGMS polyol). Synthesis process of polyurethane foam was conducted by reaction between HMGMS polyol and MDI (methylene diphenyldiisocyanate) via one-shoot process. The effects of additive concentration i.e. ethylene glycol as the chain extender to the structure properties of rigid polyurethane foam were studied. Concentration variation of ethylene glycol is 1, 3 and 6 pphp. Characterization of the rigid polyurethane foam was conducted by using determination of bulk density, FT-IR (Fourier Transform-Infra Red) spectroscopy, CP/MAS 13 C NMR (Cross Polarization / Magic Angle Spinning 13 C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Spectrometer and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) analysis. Analysis result showed that when eth...
Rigid polyurethane foams based on soybean oil
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2000
Both HCFC-and pentane-blown rigid polyurethane foams have been prepared from polyols derived from soybean oil. The effect of formulation variables on foam properties was studied by altering the types and amounts of catalyst, surfactant, water, crosslinker, blowing agent, and isocyanate, respectively. While compressive strength of the soy foams is optimal at 2 pph of surfactant B-8404, it increases with increasing the amount of water, glycerin, and isocyanate. It also increases linearly with foam density. These foams were found to have comparable mechanical and thermoinsulating properties to foams of petrochemical origin. A comparison in the thermal and thermooxidative behaviors of soy-and PPO-based foams revealed that the former is more stable toward both thermal degradation and thermal oxidation. The lack of ether linkages in the soy-based rather than in PPO-based polyols is thought to be the origin of improved thermal and thermo-oxidative stabilities of soy-based foams.
Industrial Crops and Products, 2017
In this work, biopolyol obtained from two types of industrial crops' processing products: crude glycerol and castor oil was used for preparation or rigid polyurethanepolyisocyanurate foams. Bio-based polyol was obtained via crude glycerol polymerization and further condensation of resulting polyglycerol with castor oil. Rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate foams were prepared at partial substitution (0-70 wt.%) of petrochemical polyol with synthesized bio-based polyol. Influence of the biopolyol content on the chemical and cellular structure, insulation properties, static and dynamic mechanical properties, thermal degradation and fire behavior of foams was investigated. Incorporation of crude glycerol-based polyol into formulation of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate foams had beneficial impact on the structure of material reducing average cell size from 372 to 275 µm and increasing closed cell content from 94.0 to 95.7%. Such changes resulted in 7% decrease of thermal conductivity coefficient to 21.8 mW/(m K). Mechanical performance of foams was enhanced by partial substitution of petrochemical polyol with synthesized biopolyol. Compressive strength of modified foam was more than 90% higher than for reference sample. The modifications of foams caused changes in thermal degradation pathway, nevertheless thermal stability of the reference foam was maintained. Incorporation of crude glycerol-based polyol into foams' formulation decreased maximum value of heat release rate by 3.5%, increased char residue after combustion by 24% and reduced emission of toxic carbon monoxide during burning of foam by 35%.
Preparation and Properties of Palm Oil-Based Rigid Polyurethane Nanocomposite Foams
Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2008
Rigid polyurethane (PU) foam has been prepared from palm oil-derived polyol. The polyol was synthesized by transesterification reaction of palm oil and pentaerythritol using calcium oxide as a catalyst. The obtained palm oil-based polyol was reacted with commercial polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate in the presence of water (blowing agent), N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (catalyst) and polydimethylsiloxane (surfactant) to produce rigid PU foam. The effects of the amount of the catalyst and surfactant on foam properties (i.e. density, compressive strength and thermal behaviors) were studied. It was found that the density of the foams decreased whereas the compressive strength increased with the increasing amount of catalyst and that they were in the range of 38.7-59.0 kg/m 3 and 193.6-268.4 kPa, respectively, while an increased amount of surfactant showed negligible effect on these two properties. Furthermore, TGA revealed that the degradation temperature of the prepared foams was about 377°C. Moreover, scanning electron micrographs showed that the cells of the obtained PU foams were closed cells. In addition, the foams were found to have higher number of cells as the concentration of catalyst increased, while the uniformity of cells increased with increasing amount of surfactant.
Characterization of polyurethane foams from soybean oil
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2002
Modified soy-based vegetable oil polyols were successfully incorporated as a replacement for conventional polyols to produce flexible slabstock polyurethane foams. The oil was characterized for its hydroxyl value and fatty acid composition. The modified oils had higher hydroxyl values and lower unsaturated acids than regular unmodified oils. Three different modified polyols were used to investigate the reactivity with isocyanates. The effects on the foaming reaction of two different isocyanates, namely TDI and MDI, were investigated. The reactions were also carried out with a mixture of polyols containing synthetic polyols and vegetable oil-based polyols to delineate the effect of each component. FTIR technique was used to identify the sequence of chemical reactions during the foaming process. The effect of water levels and isocyanate content on the kinetics of the foaming reaction was investigated. Information regarding the formation of hard and soft segments with the varying compositions was obtained. As the water content increased, the amount of the hard segment and urea formation increased in both soy oil polyols and synthetic polyols. Increased synthetic polyols in the mixture increased the rate of reaction and phase mixing due to the availability of primary hydroxyl groups. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were used to probe the morphology. As the water content increased, the cell size increased. At lower water content a more uniform cell structure was evident and at higher water levels hard domain size increased. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3097–3107, 2002
Scientific Reports, 2024
The increasing interest in polyurethane materials has raised the question of the environmental impact of these materials. For this reason, the scientists aim to find an extremely difficult balance between new material technologies and sustainable development. This work attempts to validate the possibility of replacing petrochemical polyols with previously synthesized bio-polyols and their impact on the structure and properties of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PUR-PIR). To date, biobased polyols were frequently used in the manufacturing of PU, but application of bio-polyols synthesized via solvothermal liquefaction using different chains of polyethylene glycol has not been comprehensively discussed. In this work, ten sets of rigid polyurethane foams were synthesized. The influence of bio-polyols addition on foam properties was investigated by mechanical testing, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and cone calorimetry. The structure was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a gas pycnometer. The tests revealed a significant extension of foam growth time, which can be explained by possible steric hindrances and the presence of less reactive secondary hydroxyl groups. Moreover, an increase average size of pores and aspect ratio was noticed. This can be interpreted by the modification of the cell growth process by the introduction of a less reactive bio-polyol with different viscosity. The analysis of foams mechanical properties showed that the normalized compressive strength increased up to 40% due to incorporation of more cross-linked structures. The thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the addition of bio-based polyols increased temperature of 2% (T 2%) and 5% (T 5%) mass degradation. On the other hand, evaluation of flammability of manufactured foams showed increase of total heat release (HRR) and smoke release (TSR) what may be caused by reduction of char layer stability. These findings add substantially to our understanding of the incorporation of bio-polyols into industrial polyurethane systems and suggest the necessity of conducting further research on these materials.
Journal of Polymers and the Environment
In this work rigid polyurethane foams (PUR) were obtained by replacement of 0-70 wt% of petrochemical polyol with biopolyol obtained via cellulose liquefaction in presence of crude glycerol. The foams with different content of a bio-polyol were prepared by single step method for NCO/OH ratio equals 1.5. The prepared materials were analyzed in terms of their morphology, chemical structure, thermal stability and basic physical and mechanical properties. The effects of photo-oxidative and thermo-oxidative aging on chemical structure, apparent density and mechanical properties of the biomass based rigid polyurethane foams were investigated and discussed.