Cheap and Sustainabl for Removing Household (original) (raw)

Sustainable Filter Media for Physiochemical Treatment of Greywater in Single Village House

—Diverse contaminations occurred such as water pollution. The developing nations experienced increase water pollution problems in these recent times. The discharge of untreated greywater in an uncontrolled manner to the main rivers is a key issue which pollutes the surroundings and causes unpleasant odours. Commonly, in village areas they discharge from the houses into the drains without any treatment. It represents water that can potentially be intercepted at the household level for reuse. The purpose of this study is to establish a sustainable greywater treatment system in village house. The treatment system is aimed to provide simple and less maintenance for village household. Therefore, greywater was collected at the outlet pipe from the kitchen and bathroom using buckets with grabbing method at individual house Parit Hj. Rais. The treatment system consisting of sand, gravel and limestone in layer one; clamshell and ceramic in layer two and sand in layer three. The effluent was evaluated every week by using HRT 1 to HRT 4 day in 30 day treatment process. Besides, analyses of samples were collected from the outlet tank. The efficiency of greywater treatment achieves high percentage removal of BOD 98.04%, COD 97%, SS 99.24% and pH 6.60. The quality greywater parameters were accepted compared to previous study and standard of effluent discharge. Therefore, contaminant will be resolved by this treatment to avoid infectious diseases and pollution flowing into the drains. By increasing public awareness and upgrading the laws necessary to control the discharge of greywater in order to protect river systems from further degradation, exploitation and contamination is recommended.

Green Approach for Heavy metals removal from Polluted Water

2013

Natural agricultural waste like rice husk without chemical treatment provides sustainable, safe, and non- polluting procedure for heavy metal removal from aqueous systems. The goal of the present study was to provide information about adsorptive affinity of locally available rice husk for heavy metals removal. The influence of different adsorption parameters on the selectivity and sensitivity of the removal process was investigated. The studied parameters were: pH, contact time, initial metal concentration, adsorbent/metal ion ratios and interfering ions (0.1-0.4 M) Na, K, and Ca. The efficiency of rice husk for Cu, Ni, and Zn removal were; 85.0, 63.5 and 88.3 respectively at 0.8 gml -1 adsorbent dose. The experimental kinetic data were analyzed using pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and Elovich models. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model gave a better fitting of the kinetic data for Cu, Ni, and Zn removal. Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) analysis confirms the complexat...

A Review on Current Trends in Heavy Metal Removal from Water between 2000-2021

International Journal of Environment and Climate Change

Recent fiscal growth has necessitated diverse industrial processes to meet the growing demands around the world. Toxic chemicals such as micro-pollutants, personal care products, pesticides contaminate the effluents of these industries and find their way into the environment leaving dangerous levels of heavy metals in the aquatic ecosystem. These heavy metals such as arsenic, chromium, lead, mercury, cadmium and nickel bio-accumulate and are very harmful to humans. Several water treatment methods were reviewed from 111 published articles covering a period between 2000-2021 on the progress of Heavy Metal removal from waste water including the use of low cost agro based activated carbon and Bentonite clay as part of “green and sustainable chemistry”.

A STUDY ON GREY WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES: A REVIEW

India is facing a water crisis and by 2025 it is estimated that India's population will be suffering from severe water scarcity. Water scarcity leads to problems such as food shortage, decreased economic development, regional water conflicts and environmental degradation and drought problem occur. As the industries are growing day by day the load on effluent treatment and disposal is also increasing. Now the condition is getting worst so new treatment and new techniques are needed to be discovered. This paper presents a review of existing technologies for treatment of grey water. Bioremediation, sand filter and simple technologies have been shown to have limited effect on grey water. GAC (granular activated carbon) low cost adsorbent helps to remove the dye and color pigments. Activated carbon, bark & charcoal filter and Sand filtration technique is the oldest methods for treatment of grey water. Membranes are reported to provide good solid removal. The best methods were observed that combine different types of methods to ensure effective treatment for grey water. Physto-remediation filtration technique is helpful to save the soil nutrients. The treated grey water can be used for non-potable use such as irrigation or gardening toilet flushing, car washing and construction purposes.

The Use of Natural Filter Media added with Peat Soil for Household Greywater Treatment

GSTF Journal of Engineering Technology, 2014

Greywater is wastewater that produces 50-80% of overall water consumption in a house. In many village houses of Malaysia, the household greywater that comes from kitchen, laundry, bathroom and sinks is usually untreated and discharged directly into streams or rivers. This phenomenon escalates the pollution among Malaysian rivers. This study examines the effects of household greywater treated with locally available peat soil. This study was performed by using a two-stage filter media (i) pretreatment (gravel + sand) (ii) peat based (peat + charcoal + gravel). Effects of filtration on the peat soil were examined via the one-dimensional consolidation test and X-Ray Fluorescence Test (XRF). Removal efficiency of the greywater effluent was found to be TSS-81%, BOD-54%, COD-52% and AN-87%. pH of the greywater was improved from acidic (4.6) to neutral (6.9). Quality of the treated greywater complied with the limits of the Malaysian Standard (Standard B) for wastewater effluent discharge. The consolidation test was affected and became slower. XRF test indicates that peat soil has an increased amount of the inorganic content of Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) and Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) associated with the absorption of certain elements in greywater. The peat based filter resulted in a substantial removal of pollutants. Further study is needed to look in depth the mechanism of adsorption and its applicability in a large scale processes.

Design of Grey Water Treatment System for Pollution Loading Reduction in Malaysia

2018

Zhi Chao ONG, Mohammadjavad ASADSANGABIFARD, Zubaidah ISMAIL, Jun Hui TAM, Peiman ROUSHENAS Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Email: alexongzc@um.edu.my, mj_fard@siswa.um.edu.my, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Email: zu_ismail@um.edu.my, junhui@siswa.um.edu.my, roushenaspeiman@gmail.com, Abstract Population growth, rapid urbanization, higher standards of living and climate change have led to continuous growth of urban water consumption. International Water Management Institute (2002) projected that total urban water consumption will increase from 1995 to 2025 by 62%. Grey-water is considered to be almost 50 to 75 percent of whole domestic wastewater therefore it is vital to control the discharge of grey-water into the river. Grey water recycling practices must guard against risks to public health, safety, and the environment. T...

Integrated Methods for Household Greywater Treatment: Modified Biofiltration and Phytoremediation

Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2023

Most countries around the world have experienced water scarcity in recent decades as fresh water consumption has increased. However, untreated wastewater is routinely discharged into the environment, particularly in developing countries, where it causes widespread environmental and public health problems. Te majority of wastewater treatment method publications are heavily focused on high-income country applications and, in most cases, cannot be transferred to low and middle-income countries. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the performance efciency of pilot-scale physicochemical and biological treatment methods for the treatment of household greywater in Jimma, Ethiopia. During the experiment, grab samples of greywater were taken from the combined treatment system's infuent and efuent every 7 days for 5 weeks and analyzed within 24-48 hours. Temperature, DO, EC, turbidity, TDS, and pH were measured on-site, while BOD, COD, TSS, TP, TN PO 4 −3-P, NO 3-N, NH 4-N, Cl − , and FC were determined in the laboratory. During the fve-week pilot-scale combined treatment system monitoring period, the combined experimental and control system's mean percentage reduction efciencies were as follows: turbidity (97.2%, 92%), TSS (99.2%, 97.2%), BOD 5 (94%, 57.4%), COD (91.6%, 54.7%), chloride (61%, 35%), TN (68.24, 42.7%), TP (71.6%, 38.7%), and FC (90%, 71.1%), respectively. Similarly, the combined experimental and control systems reduced PO 4 −3-P (12.5 ± 3 mg/L), NO 3-N (4.5 ± 3 mg/L), and NH 4-N (10.19 ± 2.6 mg/L) to PO 4 −3-P (3.5 ± 2.6 mg/L, 7.5 ± 1.6 mg/L), NO 3-N (0.8 ± 0.5, 3.6 ± 2.3 mg/L), and NH 4-N (7 ± 2.9 mg/L, 15.9 ± 3.9 mg/L), respectively. From the biofltration and horizontal subsurface fow constructed wetland combined systems, the experimental combined technology emerged as the best performing greywater treatment system, exhibiting remarkably higher pollutant removal efciencies. In conclusion, the combined biofltration and horizontal subsurface fow constructed wetland treatment system can be the technology of choice in low-income countries, particularly those with tropical climates.

Grey water treatment in urban slums by a filtration system: Optimisation of the filtration medium

Journal of Environmental Management, 2014

Two uPVC columns (outer diameter 160 cm, internal diameter 14.6 cm and length 100 cm) were operated in parallel and in series to simulate grey water treatment by media based filtration at unsaturated conditions and constant hydraulic loading rates (HLR). Grey water from bathroom, laundry and kitchen activities was collected from 10 households in the Bwaise III slum in Kampala (Uganda) in separate containers, mixed in equal proportions followed by settling, prior to transferring the influent to the tanks. Column 1 was packed with lava rock to a depth of 60 cm, while column 2 was packed with lava rock (bottom 30 cm) and silica sand, which was later replaced by granular activated carbon (top 30 cm) to further investigate nutrient removal from grey water. Operating the two filter columns in series at a HLR of 20 cm/day resulted in a better effluent quality than at a higher (40 cm/day) HLR. The COD removal efficiencies by filter columns 1 and 2 in series amounted to 90% and 84% at HLR of 20 cm/day and 40 cm/ day, respectively. TOC and DOC removal efficiency amounted to 77% and 71% at a HLR of 20 cm/day, but decreased to 72% and 67% at a HLR of 40 cm/day, respectively. The highest log removal of Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. and total coliforms amounted to 3.68, 3.50 and 3.95 at a HLR of 20 cm/day respectively. The overall removal of pollutants increased with infiltration depth, with the highest pollutant removal efficiency occurring in the top 15 cm layer. Grey water pre-treatment followed by double filtration using coarse and fine media has the potential to reduce the grey water pollution load in slum areas by more than 60%.

Grey Water Treatment Systems: A Review

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2011

This review aims to discern a treatment for grey water by examining grey water characteristics, reuse standards, technology performance and costs. The review reveals that the systems for treating grey water, whatever its quality, should consist of processes that are able to trap pollutants with a small particle size and convert organic matter to mineralized compounds. For efficient, simple and affordable treatment of grey water with safe effluent reuse, a combined anaerobic-aerobic process is recommended, with disinfection being an optional step. The removal and subsequent conversion of suspended and colloidal particles in the anaerobic process need further improvement. Furthermore, the reuse standards should be revised and classified considering the reuse options and requirements.

Comparative Analysis of the Filtration Potential of Light Greywater Through Various Media

Malaysian Journal of Science, 2020

Water scarcity is an emerging problem across the globe and therefore planners have started promoting the concept of reuse in sustainable planning for conserving water resources. The centralized reuse of treated wastewater is an expensive option and hence decentralized reuse of treated greywater (light and dark) needs to be popularized through simple inexpensive methods like filtration and adsorption. Greywater recycling extends a sustainable pathway in which freshwater resource is conserved and wastewater generation is minimized. Moreover, light greywater can be successfully treated through low-tech filters owing to its weaker strength. In this study, the potential of using low cost waste material as filtering media for treating light greywater was analyzed and possibility of providing prior preliminary treatment to light greywater entering media was assessed using geotextile. The experimental results showed that geotextile used in the study was efficient enough in removing considerable amount of TSS. The study investigates that the low-cost media like Rice-husk, Rice husk ash, Sugarcane bagasse, Sugarcane bagasse ash used in treating light greywater could remove BOD, COD, TSS, NO3 and PO4 partially while crushed glass could remove considerable amount of BOD, COD and TSS.