Crop Response in Salt-Affected Soils (original) (raw)
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Response of Major Plant Nutrients to Salt Affected Environment
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
Long term exhaustive cropping practice and indiscriminate use of poor quality water can result in accumulation of salts and sodium that adversely affect crop growth. Salinity and sodicity are the major soil degradation issues primarily in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The sustainability of agriculture is a matter of deep concern due to widespread removal of nutrients in excess of their application resulting in depletion of major soil nutrient reserves. Nitrogen (N) use efficiency of applied N in saline and sodic soils is low. Adequate N fertilizer dose, method and time of application are essential to increase its efficiency. Phosphorus (P) is one of the limiting major nutrient elements in salt affected soils. In saline soils, availability of P decreases due to precipitation of applied P, higher retention of soluble P, antagonism due to excess of chlorides (Cl-) and sulphates (SO 4 2-). Potassium (K) deficiency is observed under high soil-Na concentration. Phosphorus and K availability in saline and saline-sodic soil increases with crop residue incorporation. In this paper, we reviewed the major nutrients dynamics in saline and sodic environment and their proper management strategies.
Salt Stress in Plants and Amelioration Strategies: A Critical Review
Abiotic Stress in Plants, 2021
High salt concentration in soil is a major abiotic stress, which adversely influences the growth, overall development, and productivity of crops. More than 20% of the land of the world used for crop production is adversely affected by high salt concentration. The problem of salt stress becomes a major concern when previously fertile, productive agricultural lands are salinized more profoundly as a result of anthropogenic activities along with natural causes. Therefore, this review is focused on various aspects of salt-affected soils (SAS), their effects on plants, and different approaches for reclamation of SAS to enhance the potentiality for crop production. Salt-affected soils are categorized into saline, saline-sodic, and sodic soils based on the amount of total soluble salts as expressed by electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and soil pH. The inhibition of plant growth in saline soils is mainly induced by osmotic str...
Soil salinity affects large areas of the world's cultivated land, causing significant reductions in crop yield. Despite the fact that most plants accumulate both sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl–) ions in high concentrations in their shoot tissues when grown in saline soils, most research on salt tolerance in annual plants has focused on the toxic effects of Na+ accumulation. It has previously been suggested that Cl– toxicity may also be an important cause of growth reduction in barley plants. Here, the extent to which specific ion toxicities of Na+ and Cl– reduce the growth of barley grown in saline soils is shown under varying salinity treatments using four barley genotypes differing in their salt tolerance in solution and soil-based systems. High Na+, Cl–, and NaCl separately reduced the growth of barley, however, the reductions in growth and photosynthesis were greatest under NaCl stress and were mainly additive of the effects of Na+ and Cl– stress. The results demonstrated that Na+ and Cl– exclusion among barley genotypes are independent mechanisms and different genotypes expressed different combinations of the two mechanisms. High concentrations of Na+ reduced K+ and Ca2+ uptake and reduced photosynthesis mainly by reducing stomatal conductance. By comparison, high Cl– concentration reduced photosynthetic capacity due to non-stomatal effects: there was chlorophyll degradation, and a reduction in the actual quantum yield of PSII electron transport which was associated with both photochemical quenching and the efficiency of excitation energy capture. The results also showed that there are fundamental differences in salinity responses between soil and solution culture, and that the importance of the different mechanisms of salt damage varies according to the system under which the plants were grown.
Plant Responses to Salt Stress
2020
Salt stress is one of the harmful abiotic stress factors. It makes agricultural lands especially in arid and semi-arid regions useless despite the efforts. More than six percent of total world agricultural lands are on the edge of vanishing due to salt stress. Salinity in soil occurs as a result of the factors such as lack of drainage, improper irrigation, excessive accumulation of soluble salts. Salinity limits the growth of plants. Despite the main results, some results of plants due to these limitations vary from species to species. The negative effects get morphological, biochemical and physiological reactions from plants. Slowed or stopped growth of roots and shoots, closuring of stomata, germination slowing, decreased or stopped development of seedling, deterioration of photosynthetic activity are the main reactions of plants to stress. On the other hand, plants also develop tolerance mechanisms as a result of some auxiliaries for surviving under adverse conditions. Plants have tendency to protect themselves from salinity with osmotic protectants synthesized by them such as sugars, proline, amino acids, glycine betaine. In this review, the responses of plants to salt stress were investigated and gathered.
Salt Stress in Plants and Mitigation Approaches
Plants, 2022
Salinization of soils and freshwater resources by natural processes and/or human activities has become an increasing issue that affects environmental services and socioeconomic relations. In addition, salinization jeopardizes agroecosystems, inducing salt stress in most cultivated plants (nutrient deficiency, pH and oxidative stress, biomass reduction), and directly affects the quality and quantity of food production. Depending on the type of salt/stress (alkaline or pH-neutral), specific approaches and solutions should be applied to ameliorate the situation on-site. Various agro-hydrotechnical (soil and water conservation, reduced tillage, mulching, rainwater harvesting, irrigation and drainage, control of seawater intrusion), biological (agroforestry, multi-cropping, cultivation of salt-resistant species, bacterial inoculation, promotion of mycorrhiza, grafting with salt-resistant rootstocks), chemical (application of organic and mineral amendments, phytohormones), bio-ecological ...
Present Scenario of Global Salt Affected Soils, its Management and Importance of Salinity Research
International Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 2019
Salt-affected soils have gained global concern. The world population is increasing rapidly, while the cultivable land is decreasing gradually 1-2% per year. As a result it is threatening the sustained productivity from the limited land resources to meet food and nutritional demands. Soil degradation due to salinization is considered a major constraint for agricultural productivity. Currently approximately 1125 million hectares of lands are salt-affected, of which approximately 76 million hectares are affected by human-induced salinization and sodification. Therefore, tackling salinity problem is very crucial to achieve food security. Two strategies- fighting salinity and living with salinity are suggested by International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) to overcome salinity problems. Conducting researches to find high salt tolerant plant species and remove salts from the affected lands applying bio-techniques are also very important. Minimizing the exposure of cultivable land to salinity and recovering or utilizing salt-affected land for agriculture is crucial to attain future food security.
Causes of salinity and plant manifestations to salt stress: a review
Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India, 2011
Salinity in agricultutal terms is the excess of salts above the level plant require. Most often it poses constrains in the growth hence productivity of the category of plants called glycophytes, wherein falls major crops, therefore is a serious concern. It is often recognized as excess of sodium ions (sodicity) that imparts life threatening consequences in plant due to mal-textured soil hindered porosity and aeration leads to physiological water deficit. Mingling with other edaphic/environmental factors viz. precipitation, temperature, flooding, soil profile, water table exaggerates the catastrophe synergistically. Improper irrigations system, leaching fraction added with land clearing and deforestation have been marked as the major cause. The present review underlines the different sources of salinity stress and their physiological manifestations, toxicity responses alongwith tolerance in plants and management strategies in affected landscapes.