Cellular uptake and toxicity effects of silver nanoparticles in mammalian kidney cells (original) (raw)
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Nanotoxicology, 2017
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most widely used nanomaterials. Following oral exposure, AgNPs can accumulate in various organs including kidneys where they show gender specific accumulation. There is limited information on their effect on renal system following long-term animal exposure especially at the ultramicroscopic and molecular level. In this study, we have assessed the effect of 60 days oral AgNPs treatment on kidneys of female Wistar rats at doses of 50 ppm and 200 ppm that are below previously reported lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL). AgNPs treatment led to decrease in kidney weight and some loss of renal function as seen by increased levels of serum creatinine and early toxicity markers such as KIM-1, clusterin and osteopontin. We also observed significant mitochondrial damage, loss of brush border membranes, pronounced swelling of podocytes and degeneration of their foot processes using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These symptoms are ...
BMC Nephrology
Background Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can accumulate in various organs after oral exposure. The main objective of the current study is to evaluate the renal toxicity induced by AgNPs after repeated oral exposure and to determine the relevant molecular mechanisms. Methods In this study, 40 male Wistar rats were treated with solutions containing 30, 125, 300, and 700 mg/kg of AgNPs. After 28 days of exposure, histopathological changes were assessed using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), Masson’s trichrome, and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. Apoptosis was quantified by TUNEL and immunohistochemistry of caspase-3, and the level of expression of the mRNAs of growth factors was determined using RT-PCR. Results Histopathologic examination revealed degenerative changes in the glomeruli, loss of tubular architecture, loss of brush border, and interrupted tubular basal laminae. These changes were more noticeable in groups treated with 30 and 125 mg/kg. The collagen intensity increased in the ...
Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 2015
Background: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are an important class of nanomaterials used as antimicrobial agents for a wide range of medical and industrial applications. However toxicity of AgNPs and impact of their physicochemical characteristics in in vivo models still need to be comprehensively characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of size and coating on tissue distribution and toxicity of AgNPs after intravenous administration in mice, and compare the results with those obtained after silver acetate administration. Methods: Male CD-1(ICR) mice were intravenously injected with AgNPs of different sizes (10 nm, 40 nm, 100 nm), citrate-or polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated, at a single dose of 10 mg/kg bw. An equivalent dose of silver ions was administered as silver acetate. Mice were euthanized 24 h after the treatment, and silver quantification by ICP-MS and histopathology were performed on spleen, liver, lungs, kidneys, brain, and blood. Results: For all particle sizes, regardless of their coating, the highest silver concentrations were found in the spleen and liver, followed by lung, kidney, and brain. Silver concentrations were significantly higher in the spleen, lung, kidney, brain, and blood of mice treated with 10 nm AgNPs than those treated with larger particles. Relevant toxic effects (midzonal hepatocellular necrosis, gall bladder hemorrhage) were found in mice treated with 10 nm AgNPs, while in mice treated with 40 nm and 100 nm AgNPs lesions were milder or negligible, respectively. In mice treated with silver acetate, silver concentrations were significantly lower in the spleen and lung, and higher in the kidney than in mice treated with 10 nm AgNPs, and a different target organ of toxicity was identified (kidney). Conclusions: Administration of the smallest (10 nm) nanoparticles resulted in enhanced silver tissue distribution and overt hepatobiliary toxicity compared to larger ones (40 and 100 nm), while coating had no relevant impact. Distinct patterns of tissue distribution and toxicity were observed after silver acetate administration. It is concluded that if AgNPs become systemically available, they behave differently from ionic silver, exerting distinct and sizedependent effects, strictly related to the nanoparticulate form.
In Vivo Induced Nephrotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in Rat after Oral Administration
Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science, 2018
Improvement in nanotechnology has identified promising silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for many biomedicine applications. To assess the toxicity of silver nanoparticles in vivo, histopatological examinations of experimental mice were studied. Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups and orally treated AgNPs in different doses (30,125,300,700 mg/kg) during the 28-days. After paraffin embedding and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining, histopathological changes evaluated in kidney using light micrographs. The obtained results showed a decrease in diameter of convoluted tubules, glomerulus diameter, Bowman's space thickness and number of mesangeal cells in 30 and 125 and 300 mg/kg treated groups. These changes are more evident in 125 mg/kg of AgNPs group (P<0.05). The other histological changes in the tubules of rats affected by AgNPs included loose of brush border, basement membrane irregularity, necrosis, vacuolar ...
An insight into silver nanoparticles bioavailability in rats
Metallomics, 2014
A comprehensive study of the bioavailability of orally administered silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out using a rat model. The silver uptake was monitored in liver and kidney tissues, as well as in urine and in feces. Significant accumulation of silver was found in both organs, the liver being the principal target of AgNPs. A significant (B50%) fraction of silver was found in feces whereas the fraction excreted via urine was negligible (o0.01%). Intact silver nanoparticles were found in feces by asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AsFlFFF) coupled with UV-Vis analysis. Laser ablation-ICP MS imaging showed that AgNPs were able to penetrate into the liver, in contrast to kidneys where they were retained in the cortex. Silver speciation analysis in cytosols from kidneys showed the metallothionein complex as the major species whereas in the liver the majority of silver was bound to high-molecular (70-25 kDa) proteins. These findings demonstrate the presence of Ag(I), released by the oxidation of AgNPs in the biological environment.
Nanomedicine, 2011
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are becoming increasingly prevalent in consumer products as antibacterial agents. The increased use of Ag NP-enhanced products may lead to an increase in toxic levels of environmental silver, but regulatory control over the use or disposal of such products is lagging due to insufficient assessment on the toxicology of Ag NPs and their rate of release into the environment. In this article we discuss recent research on the transport, activity and fate of Ag NPs at the cellular and organismic level, in conjunction with traditional and recently established methods of nanoparticle characterization. We include several proposed mechanisms of cytotoxicity based on such studies, as well as new opportunities for investigating the uptake and fate of Ag NPs in living systems.
Silver nanoparticles: Biomedical applications, toxicity, and safety issues
Elemental or metallic silver (Ag) is a very malleable and ductile transition metal that is white metallic luster appearance. Nanoparticles are fine particles that have size nano-meter in range, that have dimension less than 100 nm (1nm-100nm). As their nano sized they have special physiochemical properties. Silver nano-particles (AgNPs) are one of most widely used nano-material that are used in personal care products, dressings as treatments for external wounds, ointments, and surgical instruments because of their effective antibacterial activity. AgNPs have broad spectrum antibacterial action that acts on both gram-negative and grampositive bacteria both, including antibiotic-resistant strains. AgNPs (diameter 5-20 nm, average diameter ~10 nm) also exhibit the antiviral property against HIV-1, hepatitis B virus, respiratory syncytial virus, herpes simplex virus type 1, and monkey pox virus. AgNPs as well as nano silver-derived solution and their product have showed the potent anti-inflammatory properties. As the consumption of nano-silver products are increasing, the chances of adverse effect on human health and environment are increasing. Generally AgNPs are less toxic than silver ion, but here are several in vitro in vivo studies shown that on exposure of AgNPs leads to cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity and genotoxicity to vertebrates. AgNPs causes blood diseases and colon cancer when it has been found in the blood and colon of patients respectively. kim et al 2008. Reported than 28 oral exposures of AgNPs at 30 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg in sprague dawley rats show dose dependent distribution of AgNPs in various organs and gender specific two fold more accumulation in female kidneys in comparison to male kidney. Usually the in vivo studies, in vitro studies with AgNPs showed that shown genotoxic effects, induction of DNA strand breaks, micronuclei, and chromosomal aberrationsat low non-cytotoxic doses in different types of human and mammalian cells.
Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, 2018
In literature, varying and sometimes conflicting effects of physicochemical properties of nanoparticles (NPs) are reported on their uptake and effects in organisms. To address this, small- and medium-sized (20 and 50 nm) silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with specified different surface coating/charges were synthesized and used to systematically assess effects of NP-properties on their uptake and effects in vitro. Silver nanoparticles were fully characterized for charge and size distribution in both water and test media. Macrophage cells (RAW 264.7) were exposed to these AgNPs at different concentrations (0-200 µg/ml). Uptake dynamics, cell viability, induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, ATP production, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were assessed. Microscopic imaging of living exposed cells showed rapid uptake and subcellular cytoplasmic accumulation of AgNPs. Exposure to the tested AgNPs resulted in reduced overall viability. Influence of both size and surface coat...
Toxicity and Molecular Mechanisms of Actions of Silver Nanoparticles
Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology, 2023
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained popularity due to their antibacterial properties, and are therefore widely used in several applications such as wound dressings, food packaging, and water purification. However, the toxicity of AgNPs to humans and the environment is a growing concern. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the toxicity and molecular mechanisms of action of AgNPs. The toxicity of AgNPs can be attributed to their small size, which allows them to enter cells and interact with cellular components. Reports suggest that AgNPs can induce cell death, DNA damage, and oxidative stress in various cell types. The toxic effects of AgNPs differ based on their size, shape, surface charge, and coating. The molecular mechanisms behind the toxicity of AgNPs involve the production of reactive oxygen species, disruption of cellular membranes, and activation of proinflammatory cytokines. Overall, the toxicity of AgNPs is dependent on various factors, and more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind their toxicity. This review highlights the need for proper risk assessments and regulations to minimize the adverse effects of AgNPs on human health and the environment.
Bioavailability of silver nanoparticles and ions: from a chemical and biochemical perspective
Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 2013
Owing to their antimicrobial properties, silver nanoparticles (NPs) are the most commonly used engineered nanomaterial for use in a wide array of consumer and medical applications. Many discussions are currently ongoing as to whether or not exposure of silver NPs to the ecosystem (i.e. plants and animals) may be conceived as harmful or not. Metallic silver, if released into the environment, can undergo chemical and biochemical conversion which strongly influence its availability towards any biological system. During this process, in the presence of moisture, silver can be oxidized resulting in the release of silver ions. To date, it is still debatable as to whether any biological impact of nanosized silver is relative to either its size, or to its ionic constitution. The aim of this review therefore is to provide a comprehensive, interdisciplinary overview-for biologists, chemists, toxicologists as well as physicists-regarding the production of silver NPs, its (as well as in their ionic form) chemical and biochemical behaviours towards/within a multitude of relative and realistic biological environments and also how such interactions may be correlated across a plethora of different biological organisms.