A comparative study of a local plant extract as a possible potential medicated agent in the soap industry (original) (raw)
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Antibacterial Activities of Soaps Prepared from Selected Plant Oils
Plant oils are liquids extracted from plants usually plant seeds. They can be obtained through steam-distillation, solvent-extraction, resin trapping, and mechanical method such as cold pressing. Plant oil constituents contribute to the beneficial or adverse effects against pathogenic bacteria because the skin harbors diverse bacteria, and alterations to these bacteria can affect the effectiveness of skin as a blockage to infectious disease or create skin injury. Soaps formulated with plant oil have been found effective both in cleaning and killing bacteria. The aim of this study is to determine the antibacterial activity of some selected seed oil from plant for soap formulation. Soap tablets were produced through the cold saponification process by reacting to the selected seed oils (baobab oil, canary oil, castor beans oil, wild grapes, cottonseed oil, onion oil, and calabash seed oil) with sodium hydroxide. The sodium hydroxide solution was added to each seed oils in ratio 1:1 v/v and activities of the soap against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi were investigated. The results revealed that soap formulated with Onion seed oil possessed the highest activity against all bacterial strains. However, cottonseed oil, canary melon oil possessed good activities against all strains of bacteria only at higher concentrations (150mg/L and 200mg/L). The result suggests that the formulated soap especially those formulated with Onion seed oil, cottonseed oil, and canary melon oil will be effective in the eradication of skin bacteria. The oils can be used as an antibacterial agent in the industrial production soaps.
Pharmaceutical Sciences Asia, 2021
Azadirachta indica, Cassia fistula and Nelumbo nucifera are medicinal plants that are frequently found in Sri Lanka. Although the antimicrobial activity of these plants has been investigated individually, the effectiveness of a combined extract has not been determined in previous studies. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of A. indica, C. fistula, N. nucifera and their combined extract to formulate an antimicrobial herbal soap. Different concentrations of aqueous and ethanol extracts of powdered leaves of A. indica, C. fistula and flowers of N. nucifera were prepared separately. Each extract was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans using the agar well diffusion method. Combined extract was prepared using selected extracts of each plant with the highest antimicrobial activity. Combined extract formulated from ethanol extract of C. fistula and aqueous extracts of A. indica and N. nucifera was incorporated into a herbal soap. The antimicrobial activity of the combined extract and the herbal soap was determined using the agar well diffusion method. Combined extract and formulated soap exhibited antimicrobial activity against tested organisms with the highest activity against S. aureus. The physical and chemical parameters of the formulated herbal soap were determined. The pH of the formulated soap at 28℃ was 9.11, the percentage of alcohol insoluble matter and free alkali were 24.6% and 1.6% respectively, which were within the accepted range. In conclusion, compared to the results of individual extracts, the soap has demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial activity against tested organisms. Further development of herbal soap as a value added product would be beneficial.
The maintenance of beautiful skin and hair is the desire of many people all over the world, thus, the application of safe cosmetic products is inevitable. Natural cosmetics containing bioactive phytochemical compounds offer great deal of beauty and pharmacological effect with less toxicity to users and the environment. The principle of green chemistry was adopted for the preparation of herbal antiseptic soaps which were plant-based, biodegradable and free of artificial colourings/preservatives. Underutilised tropical seeds of Daniellia oliveri, Elaeis guineensis and Vitellaria paradoxa (Shea butter) were used as sources of oil or fat for the saponification processes while Moringa oleifera seed oil and leave extract served as sources of antimicrobial agents. Ocimum basilicum also served as source of fragrance as well as antiseptic agent. The oils were mixed at different ratio to obtain soaps with different properties. Phy-sicochemical parameters which include colour, acid value, free fatty acid values, saponification values, hardness, pH, colour and foaming ability of the oil and soaps were determined as applicable. The fatty acids methyl esters of the oils were prepared via transesterification and subjected to GC–MS analysis to obtain the fatty acid composition of the oils. Daniellia oliveri oil contains 57% linolelaidic acid as the major fatty acid, while oleic acid (46%) and lauric acid (44%) were the most prominent in Shea butter and palm kernel oil respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the soaps determined using agar diffusion method indicated that the soaps made from the oil of Daniellia oliveri and Shea butter inhibited the growth Streptococcus aureus, Klebsiella granulomatis and Aspergillus niger. Shea butter soap has the highest activity against Klebsiella granulomatis (42 mm), while soaps made from blend of palm kernel oil and Shea butter had highest activity against Aspergillus niger (7.0). The production was highly cost effective when compared to selected commercial soaps. Therefore, the adoption of these natural resources for the preparation of eco-friendly herbal soaps would save the environment of the daily introduction of many hazardous synthetic chemical products whilst also finding utility for non-conventional seed oils and at the same time improving the economic status of the community.
The production of soap using vegetable matter such as ashes from plantain peels was examined. The water extract of ashes derived from vegetable matter was reacted with Palm Kernel Oil with the aim of producing black soap of good quality. Studies have shown that plantain peels contain high potash. The physicochemical properties shows that the moisture content was 15.51% and 3.77%, foam height was 620ml and 840ml, free fatty acid was 2.18% and 1.83%, total fatty matter was 66.27% and 72.23%, matter insoluble in water was 4.93% and 7.70%, matter insoluble in alcohol was13.36% and 12.38% and pH was 9.62 and 8.45 for local black soap and Ghana soap respectively. The results compare favourably with the Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS, 2015). Hence it showed good properties.The anti-microbial activity of the local black soap extract against the test organism (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, salmonella typhi) which causes skin problems was effective using agar dilution method. The pattern of inhibition varies with the soap concentration and the test organism. The soap was more effective on S.aureus with maximum zone of growth inhibition of 42.5mm at 500mg/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was found to be 31.25mg/ml for the entire test organism while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 500mg/ml for the entire test organism. The anti-microbial activities exhibited by local black soap in this study, justify the use of local black soap for treatment of skin problems.This research has shown that there is hope for waste management and wealth creation
Phytochemistry and Antimicrobial Studies of African Black Soap and its Modified Samples
2017
African black soap was prepared from palm kernel oil and the filtrate of cocoa pod ash. This was divided into five portions with different natural beauty enhancing organic compounds added to four portions. These samples were analyzed chemically by pH determinations, Infrared spectra analyses and phytochemical screenings. They were also screened for in vitro antibacterial activities against two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). Their pH values were between 8.90 and 9.78. Infrared spectra analyses of the black soap revealed strong bands due to υ (C=O) frequency of the keto group at 1668 and 1560 cm -1 and a strong band at 1379 cm -1 due to υ (C-O) frequency of the ester oxygen. The spectra of the modified samples showed no complexation via these oxygen donor atoms. Phytochemical screenings revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids and terpenoids in the black soap. Modif...
Formulation and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Herbal Soap
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research
Bacterial skin infections are most common amongst people, requiring significant attention for treatment and also for maintaining healthy skin. Some herbal plant extracts and their oils were found to have antibacterial activity. The aim and objective of the present study are to formulate and evaluate anti-bacterial herbal soap using Azadirachta indica, Ocimum tenuiflorum oils. The antibacterial activity of the prepared formulations was tested using the agar well diffusion method against the organisms Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and, Escherichia coli and they exhibited a good anti-bacterial effect. The prepared formulations were evaluated for various physicochemical parameters for which good characteristics were observed. The easy availability of plants and their effectiveness helps manufacturers with cost-effective benefits and with less or no side effects.
IOSR Journals , 2019
Background:The need to attain and maintain a healthy skin is on the increase. This has led to antiseptic soap being compounded with complex synthetic chemicals whose safety on human skin and health remains unclear. Objectives: The present work involves the formulation, physicochemical and antifungi evaluation of herbal soaps Methods:The herbal soaps were formulated using bark and seed extracts of Azadirachtaindica and ZiziphusMauritianaand evaluated for various properties like colour, Foam retention (Fr),Foam height (Fh), pH, Free caustic alkali (FCA), Alcohol insoluble matter (AIM) and moisture content. The antifungi activity of the formula was comparatively tested onAspergillusfumigatus andmicrosporumgypseum. Results:Soap base C gave the most stable foam with over 60 minutes of foam retention in distilled water, Soap base A gave the highest emoluency.Physico-chemical tests gave satisfactory results for all tested parameters. The result of the antifungiactivity of the formulated soaps, reveal that formula containing only one extract show less significant antifungi activity than formula with two or more extracts combined. Conclusion:The results of the study offer potential alternative to the cosmetic industry in antiseptic soap production.
Characterization and Utilization of castor bean seed oil extract for production of medicated soap.
The research work is to investigate the potential utilization of castor bean seed oil extract in the production of medicated soap. The oil was extracted via soxhlet extractor using hexane as solvent. The characterization analysis reveals the acid value and saponification value of the oil which were between the ranges of values specified by ASTM. The soap produced gave a pH of (8.9), foam height (16cm), alcohol insoluble (3.45%), moisture content (4.2%) and free acidity of (0.10). The antibacterial activity of soap produced from castor oil on bacteria isolate (Staphylococcus Aureus) was promising with an inhibition zone of 15.5mm but at dilutions of 10-1 , 10-2 and 10-3 , were found to be 11.5mm, 9.5mm and 6mm respectively. This shows that as concentration decreases, the sensitivity of the soap to the bacteria isolate also decreases. The sensitivity of the medicated soap to the bacteria isolate is as a result of the presence of ricinoleic acid present in large proportion in the fatty acid composition of castor oil. It can be concluded that a highly effective soap can be produced from castor bean seed oil extract
Chromolaena odorata is a tropical and subtropical specie of flowering shrub in the sunflower family, Asteraceae. The young leaves can be crushed, and the resulting liquid are used to treat skin wounds. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp.) and subsequently determine the susceptibility of these organisms to extract (ethanolic and aqueous) of C. odorata. Fifty (50) clinical samples (urine) were collected from different categories of individuals visiting General Hospital Wukari for investigation using standard microbiological techniques. The results showed that the ethanolic extracts were more effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. than the aqueous extract of the plant. The higher the concentration of the extracts the higher the effectiveness. The aqueous extract inhibited the growth of S. aureus at a concentration of 45g/90ml while the ethanolic extract inhibited the growth at a concentration of 40g/80ml. The aqueous extract had no bactericidal effects on S. aureus while the ethanolic extract had bactericidal effects on S. aureus at 50g/100ml concentration. On Streptococcus spp., the aqueous extract inhibited the growth at a concentration of 40g/80ml while the ethanolic extract inhibited the growth at a concentration of 35g/70ml. Both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts had bactericidal effects; the aqueous extract at 50g/100ml and the ethanolic at 45g/90ml. This study shows that the leaves of Chromolaena odorata have immense antibacterial potential.
Preparation, Characterization, and Antibacterial Efficacy of Green Aromatic Soap
Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 2022
In this work, preparation of fragrant soap was performed by mixing rose, mint, lemon, or orange essential oil with “Al-Jouf” olive oil (a well-known olive oil brand) in ethanolic-aqueous solution during the saponification process. To avoid volatilization of the essential oils, saponification was conducted in reflux system at 95oC for 1h. The resulting soap was then precipitated using different volumes of 30% sodium chloride aqueous solution, filtered, poured into silicon molds, and left to dry at room temperature till constant weight. The resulting soap was evaluated by 1) reaction efficiency, 2) UV-Visible spectrophotometer, 3) Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and 4) antibacterial efficacy. Results showed that increasing sodium chloride concentration highly increases the reaction efficiency. Colony counting method showed that all soap samples prepared using olive oil/essential oil mixture acquired good antibacterial properties, whereas antibacterial efficacy of soap prepared from olive oil only acquired up to 95.4% reduction of Staphylococcus aureus colonies and up to 89.5% reduction of Escherichia coli colonies.