Infectious bronchitis in poultry: A review (original) (raw)
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Infectious Bronchitis Disease in Poultry its Diagnosis, Prevention and Control Strategies
2021
Avian Infectious bronchitis (IB) is profoundly one of the main diseases associated with respiratory syndrome in domestic poultry causing significant economic losses to poultry production. Avian Infectious Bronchitis (IB) has a place with Coronaviridae family, which causes respiratory illness, diminished creation of flying creatures, nephrotic Syndrome, and unsalvageable harm to oviduct, which can cause the crenation of anomalous eggs. Inoculation programs currently are pointless because of the outrageous hereditary varieties of IBV. Consequently, an exact and fast serotype assurance is a significant factor in controlling IBV. Compelling analytic instruments are likewise expected to analyze IB diseases in the field and to distinguish diverse serotypes and variations. Ideal administration for forestalling IB in flying creatures incorporates ideal inoculation with live or inactivated Vaccines containing flowing strains and severe disconnection of the contaminated fowls. Great administration and sterile practices in poultry units can handle the spread of IB among groups by and large. The idea of DNA vaccination with spike protein quality has altered the idea of IB immune prophylaxis as it has been found to evoke an adequate invulnerable reaction. Atomic science-based identification and control procedures must be created alongside the up degree of customary strategies to handle the developing danger presented by this microorganism the sickness can be adequately controlled in the years.
An overview of infectious bronchitis virus in chickens
World's Poultry Science Journal, 2014
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the foremost causes of economic loss within the poultry industry. IBV is a commonly occurring, economically significant pathogen of commercial chicken. Economic consequences to the poultry industry comprise mortality, growth retardation and high condemnation rates in meat-type birds. In addition, decreased egg production, reduced internal and external egg quality, and reduced hatchability have been documented in layers and breeders affecting the performance of both meat-type and egg-laying birds. Apart from this some nephro-pathogenic strains cause kidney damage. Secondary pathogens can complicate the disease resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Being a single stranded RNA virus, IBV has an enormous capacity to change both by spontaneous mutation and by genetic recombination resulting into the emergence of new variants. Since the first isolation of virus in 1937, it has been found almost all over the world. In addition, most countries are now known to have their own indigenous IBV variants. Despite the use of currently available live and inactivated vaccines, one of the most important difficulties to control IB is related to emergence of variant strains. The following paper reviews the current status of research into IBV.
Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infections in chickens: Virus Exccretion and Immune Response
1984
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (AIBV), a coronavirus, causes acute respiratory disease in chickens. A rapid diagnostic method was developed for the detection of AIBV in infected chickens using a modified indirect double antibody sandwich (MIDAS) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The system was compared with isolation of virus by the conventional use of chicken embryos. The MIDAS ELISA was as sensitive as isolation of virus with the use of chicken embryos. However, the MIDAS ELISA was more rapid and easier to apply than the use of chicken embyos. In detecting antibody against indirect (MI) ELISA was also developed. AIBV, a modified The MI ELISA was used to study the immune response of experimentally infected chickens. Results indicated that antibody was not detected in chickens prior to infection, however, the antibody increased in titer as the infection progressed. With increased antibody levels in chickens, shedding of the virus in the trachea and the intestines gradual...
Pathogens, 2020
In the early 1930s, infectious bronchitis (IB) was first characterized as a respiratory disease in young chickens; later, the disease was also described in older chickens. The etiology of IB was confirmed later as being due to a coronavirus: the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Being a coronavirus, IBV is subject to constant genome change due to mutation and recombination, with the consequence of changing clinical and pathological manifestations. The potential use of live attenuated vaccines for the control of IBV infection was demonstrated in the early 1950s, but vaccine breaks occurred due to the emergence of new IBV serotypes. Over the years, various IBV genotypes associated with reproductive, renal, gastrointestinal, muscular and immunosuppressive manifestations have emerged. IBV causes considerable economic impacts on global poultry production due to its pathogenesis involving multiple body systems and immune suppression; hence, there is a need to better understand the pathog...
Pathogenesis and Diagnostic Approaches of Avian Infectious Bronchitis
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is one of the major economically important poultry diseases distributed worldwide. It is caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and affects both galliform and nongalliform birds. Its economic impact includes decreased egg production and poor egg quality in layers, stunted growth, poor carcass weight, and mortality in broiler chickens. Although primarily affecting the respiratory tract, IBV demonstrates a wide range of tissues tropism, including the renal and reproductive systems. Thus, disease outcome may be influenced by the organ or tissue involved as well as pathotypes or strain of the infecting virus. Knowledge on the epidemiology of the prevalent IBV strains in a particular region is therefore important to guide control and preventions. Meanwhile previous diagnostic methods such as serology and virus isolations are less sensitive and time consuming, respectively; current methods, such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), and sequencing, offer highly sensitive, rapid, and accurate diagnostic results, thus enabling the genotyping of new viral strains within the shortest possible time. This review discusses aspects on pathogenesis and diagnostic methods for IBV infection.
Pathogenicity of infectious bronchitis virus isolates from Ontario chickens
Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche vétérinaire, 2008
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is one of the important viral diseases of chickens, and in spite of regular vaccination, IB is a continuous problem in Canadian poultry operations. In an earlier study using sentinel chickens we determined the incidence of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in Ontario commercial layer flocks. The objective of this study was to determine the pathogenicity of 5 nonvaccine-related IBV isolates recovered from the sentinel birds. The clinical signs, gross, and histological lesions in specific pathogen-free chickens indicated that all 5 isolates caused mild lesions in the respiratory tract. An important finding of this study was the significantly lower average daily weight gain among virus-inoculated groups of chickens during the acute phase of infection. Based on sequences of part of the S1 gene IBV-ON2, IBV-ON3, and IBV-ON5 formed a cluster and they were closely related to strain CU-82792. IBV-ON4 had 98.7% identity with the strain PA/1220/9, a nephropathogenic...
Seroprevalence of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Birds of Grenada
International Journal of Poultry Science, 2011
Background. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious viral disease of chicken typically affecting the reproductive and respiratory tract and results in possible economic causes from its serious infectious and transmission characteristics. Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried on serum samples of chickens selected from six (two commercial and four small holder) farms and two types of production (broiler and layer) to detect seroprevalence of IBV and its associated risk factors in Bishoftu and Holeta areas of central Ethiopia from June 2021 to September 2021. A total of 354 blood samples were collected and subjected to indirect ELISA test by IBV antibody test kit ((ProFLOK IBV), from ProFLOK Laboratories Inc., (USA)) to detect specific antibodies against IBV. Results. Overall, 97.46% seroprevalence was identified. From 230 and 124 samples collected from commercial and smallholder poultry farms, 226 (98.26%) and 119 (95.98%) positive results were obtained, respectively. Among the production types of chickens, high seroprevalence (99.31%) was found in layer poultry, and lower seroprevalence (96.17%) was found in the case of broiler chicken. Significant association was observed among different associated risk factors particularly age, sex, breed, and production types of chickens. From the tested chickens, all age groups, species, and farm types have high seroprevalence of IBV. The prevalence of IBV was highly significant (p ≤ 0:01) in the study site. The risk factors indicated could have increased infection prevalence, pathogens' economic impact, and disease occurrence. Conclusion. IBD is complicating factor affecting poultry production systems in the area. Vaccine and biosecurity measures are recommended for the control of IBV. Furtherly, identification and characterization (by using RT-PCR) of persistent serotype of IBV circulating in the field are recommended.
Spotlight on avian pathology: infectious bronchitis virus
Avian Pathology, 2019
Infectious bronchitis is a highly infectious disease of the domestic chicken of all ages and type, affecting the respiratory, renal and reproductive systems. Secondary bacterial infections are common and have a serious economic and welfare impact. Many genotypic and serotypic variants of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) exist worldwide, making diagnosis difficult, and challenging control strategies. Vaccination, requiring the use of both live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines, is needed to control IBV infections; to date, attempts to develop vectored vaccines as effective as the traditional vaccines have been unsuccessful.
2014
Avian infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious viral disease with economic effects on poultry agribusiness. The disease presents multi-systemic clinical signs (respiratory, renal, enteric, and reproductive) and is caused by one coronavirus (infectious bronchitis virus, IBV). Infectious bronchitis virus is classified into different serotypes and genotypes (vaccine strains and field variants). This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of IBV in commercial poultry flocks from 3 important producing regions in Brazil and to determine the tropism of the main circulating genotypes to 3 different avian physiological systems (respiratory, digestive, urinary/reproductive). Clinical samples with suggestive signs of IBV infection were collected from 432 different poultry commercial flocks (198 from broilers and 234 from breeders). The total number of biological samples consisted of organ pools from the 3 above physiological systems obtained of farms from 3 important producing regions: midwest, northeast, and south. Infectious bronchitis virus was detected by reverse-transcription, real-time PCR of the 5′ untranslated region. The results showed 179 IBV-positive flocks (41.4% of the flocks), with 107 (24.8%) from broilers and 72 (16.8%) from breeders. There were similar frequencies of IBVpositive flocks in farms from different regions of the country, most often in broilers (average 54%) compared with breeders (average 30.8%). reverse-transcription was more frequently detected in the digestive system of breeders (40%), and in the digestive (43.5%) and respiratory (37.7%) systems of broilers. Infectious bronchitis virus genotyping was performed by a reverse-transcription nested PCR and sequencing of the S1 gene from a selection of 79 IBV-positive flocks (45 from broilers and 34 from breeders). The majority of the flocks were infected with Brazilian variant genotype than with Massachusetts vaccine genotype. These results demonstrate the predominance of the Brazilian variant (mainly in the enteric tract) in commercial poultry flocks from 3 important producing regions in Brazil.