Analytical Strategies for the Detection and Quantification of Nano-formulated Antibiotics: Updates and Perspectives (original) (raw)
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Nanostructured Antibiotics and Their Emerging Medicinal Applications: An Overview of Nanoantibiotics
Antibiotics
Bacterial strains resistant to antimicrobial treatments, such as antibiotics, have emerged as serious clinical problems, necessitating the development of novel bactericidal materials. Nanostructures with particle sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers have appeared recently as novel antibacterial agents, which are also known as “nanoantibiotics”. Nanomaterials have been shown to exert greater antibacterial effects on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria across several studies. Antibacterial nanofilms for medical implants and restorative matters to prevent bacterial harm and antibacterial vaccinations to control bacterial infections are examples of nanoparticle applications in the biomedical sectors. The development of unique nanostructures, such as nanocrystals and nanostructured materials, is an exciting step in alternative efforts to manage microorganisms because these materials provide disrupted antibacterial effects, including better biocompatibility, as opposed to minor mol...
OBJECTIVES: The emergence of multi-drug resistance among various microbial pathogens has been a cause of serious concern to the medical world, limiting the choice of antibiotics. Considering that it may take decades to synthesize new antimicrobial drugs that combat resistant pathogens, the search for alternatives to conventional antimicrobial agents has begun. METHODS: In his paper we attempted to review the physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles, their modes of action and potential use in medicine and research with special reference to antimicrobial properties. RESULTS: Nanomolecules and nanoparticles have in recent years been extensively studied for their utility not only as antibiotics but also as vehicles to carry antibiotics or other agents such as cancer chemotherapeutics to target sites and limit damage to host cells. CONCLUSION: Nanomolecules were positively evaluated for their antimicrobial activities. Anti-biofilm activities of nanoparticles, utility of nanomaterials as carrier agents of drugs signifies their importance in medicine and research.
Application of nano-antibiotics in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Thus, nanotechnology provides an excellent opportunity to treat drug-resistant microbial infections. Numerous antibiotics have been used to inhibit the growth and kill of microbes, but the development of resistance and the emergence of side effects have severely limited the use of these agents. Due to the development of the nanotechnology, nanoparticles are widely used as antimicrobials. Silver and chitosan nanoparticles have antifungal, antiviral and antibacterial properties, and many studies confirm the antifungal properties of silver nanoparticles. Nowadays, the use of nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases has developed due to less side effects and also the help of these particles in effective drug delivery to the target tissue. Liposomes are also used as carriers of drug delivery, genes, and modeling of cell membranes in both animals and humans. The ability of these liposomes to encapsulate large amounts of drugs, minimize unwanted side effects, high effectiveness and low toxicity has attracted the interest of researchers. This review article examines recent efforts by researchers to identify and treat infectious diseases using antimicrobial nanoparticles and drug nano-carriers.
Journal of Nanomaterials
Today’s human society, product of decades of progress in all fields of knowledge, would have been unimaginable without the discovery of antibiotics and more generally of antimicrobials. However, from the beginning, the scientific community was aware that microorganisms through various strategies were able to hinder and render vain antibiotic action. Common examples are the phenomena of persistence, tolerance, and resistance, up to the creation of the feared bacterial biofilms. Antibiotics are a precious but equally labile resource that must be preserved but at the same time reinforced to safeguard their effectiveness. Nanoparticulate systems such as nanobactericides, with their inherent antibacterial activity, and nanocarriers, which operate as drug delivery systems for conventional antibiotics, are innovative therapies made available by nanotechnology. Inorganic nanoparticles are effective both as nanobactericides (AgNPs, ZnONPs, and TiO2NPs) and as nanocarriers (AgNPs, AuNPs, ZnON...
OBJECTIVES: The emergence of multi-drug resistance among various microbial pathogens has been a cause of serious concern to the medical world, limiting the choice of antibiotics. Considering that it may take decades to synthesize new antimicrobial drugs that combat resistant pathogens, the search for alternatives to conven- tional antimicrobial agents has begun. METHODS: In his paper we attempted to review the physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles, their modes of action and potential use in medicine and research with special reference to antimicrobial properties. RESULTS: Nanomolecules and nanoparticles have in recent years been extensively studied for their utility not only as antibiotics but also as vehicles to carry antibiotics or other agents such as cancer chemotherapeutics to target sites and limit damage to host cells. CONCLUSION: Nanomolecules were positively evaluated for their antimicrobial activities. Anti-biofilm activities of nanoparticles, utility of nanomaterials as carrier agents of drugs signifies their importance in medicine and research.
The Study of Adsorption and Desorption of Antibiotics on the Surface of Nanospheres
Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research, 2018
Nanotechnology is a field that is gaining more and more importance in the modern world. It is noted that the use of nanoparticles (balls with a diameter of from several to several hundred nm) as carriers of drugs gives an opportunity for their controlled and sustained release (1, 2). Nanoparticles as a potential drug carrier for sustained release may enhance the effectiveness of antibiotics. In order to examine the effects of antibiotics with nanoparticles, an attempt was made to deposit on them three drugs differing in chemical structure. These were chloramphenicol, gentamicin and ceftazidime. The aim of this study was to determine the degree of adsorption of the drug on the surface of nanoparticles and to examine the process of desorption from the surface of silica nanoparticles. The results of the study indicate that in the case of chloramphenicol it is essentially a process of chemisorption, and for gentamicin and ceftazidime both physical and chemical adsorption, without there being any clearly defined relationship between this two processes. The purpose of the nanoparticles as drug carriers is to obtain controlled and prolonged exposure to the drug. Ceftazidime, as the compound with the largest number of double bonds and a large number of groups that can form hydrogen bonds (carbonyl, amino groups), was the most adsorbed.
Antibiotics Nanosuspension: A Review
Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 2017
Nanosuspensions are colloidal dispersions and biphasic system consisting of drug particles dispersed in an aqueous vehicle in which the diameter of the suspended particle is less than 1μm in size. Many drugs including antibiotics are having poor solubility. Nanosuspensions have proven to be a better alternative over other approaches currently available for improving bioavailability of such drugs with low solubility. This review describes the methods of pharmaceutical nanosuspension of antibiotic formulations and pharmaceutical applications in drug delivery.
Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2020
Introduction: Microbial resistance is increasing worldwide. Investigations are underway to use nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents to reduce microbial resistance. Materials and methods: Seven human pathogenic bacteria were selected according to common hospital infection bacteria: both gram-positive and negative. In this study, imipenem and ciprofloxacin antibiotics were used separately and in combination with human serum albumin and coacervation method for the preparation of nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to investigate the properties of nanoparticles. Antibacterial activity was determined and compared using the disk diffusion technique and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. Results: The results of DLS for imipenem, ciprofloxacin and the combination of both antibiotics were 85 nm, 135 nm, and 120 nm, and for SEM were 79.9 nm, 122.2 nm, and 111 nm, respectively. All of the synthesized nanoparticles have a spherical shape. The antibacterial effect on the disk diffusion test for Acinetobacter baumannii bacteria was more noticeable in all three HSA nanoparticle compositions than other bacteria. The use of antibiotics in the form of HSA nanoparticles reduced the MIC. This value was more significant for nanoparticles carrying both ciprofloxacin and imipenem on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Conclusion: From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the use of HSA nanoparticles carrying the aforementioned antibiotics has more antibacterial effect against the bacteria of this study, especially S. mutans, than their free form.
Nanoparticle as antimicrobial drugs Assignment of biochemistry
Antibiotics have some limitation such as narrow specterm, insufficient drug delivery and bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Nanoparticles (size range 10 to 100nm). The effectiveness of material is due to its nanosize. NPs consisting of metals and metal oxide may be promising antimicrobial agent to which pathogens may not develop résistance. According to drug delivery system nanoparticles are divided into many categories such as metal based, lipid based, polymeric and biological based. Metal based nanoparticles Ag, Au, Fe, Cu Metal oxides nanoparticles Ag2O, TiO2, MgO, Fe2O3 etc Metal nanohybrids with crystals Complexes with carbon. The site of action of various nanoparticles varies the reaction in microorganism may in the form of cell membrane disruption, protein denaturation, mitochondria damage, DNA damage and enzyme disruption etc. In lipid based nanoparticles may be liposomal or solid lipid base nanoparticles. The structure facilitates the attachment to microbial cell very effective drug against many microorganisms. Solid lipid particles size range 50 to 1000nm solid at room very good antibacterial and antifungal drug. Biodegradable nanoparticles such as poly-d,l-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) Polylactic acid (PLA) are structurally stable using extensively in clinics to control microbial diseases. Dendrimers highly ordered and regularly branched globular macromolecules also use as antimicrobial drugs