Blockchain in the Quantum World (original) (raw)
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Quantum solutions to possible challenges of Blockchain technology
ArXiv, 2021
Technological advancements of Blockchain and other Distributed Ledger Techniques (DLTs) promise to provide significant advantages to applications seeking transparency, redundancy, and accountability. Actual adoption of these emerging technologies requires incorporating cost-effective, fast, QoS-enabled, secure, and scalable design. With the recent advent of quantum computing, the security of current blockchain cryptosystems can be compromised to a greater extent. Quantum algorithms like Shor’s large integer factorization algorithm and Grover’s unstructured database search algorithm can provide exponential and quadratic speedup, respectively, in contrast to their classical counterpart. This can put threats on both public-key cryptosystems and hash functions, which necessarily demands to migrate from classical cryptography to quantum-secure cryptography. Moreover, the computational latency of blockchain platforms causes slow transaction speed, so quantum computing principles might pro...
Quantum blockchain: Unraveling the potential of quantum cryptography for distributed ledgers
International Journal of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, 2022
The examination investigates the joining of quantum-safe cryptographic calculations into blockchain innovation, zeroing in on grid-based cryptography and hash-based marks. Because of the inescapable danger presented by quantum processing, this study proposes a quantum-safe blockchain system intended to upgrade the security and flexibility of circulated records. The cross-section-based cryptography calculation uses the computational intricacy of grid issues, offering protection from quantum goes like Shor's calculation. Simultaneously, hash-based marks give lightweight and quantum-safe choices for advanced marks, supporting the general validity of blockchain exchanges. The examination includes a multi-staged approach, incorporating a complete writing survey, hypothetical system improvement, algorithmic execution, and exhaustive investigation of versatility, execution, and information security. Reproduction results will illuminate ensuing equipment executions, approving the down-to-earth attainability of the proposed quantum-safe blockchain. Besides, the review digs into moral and administrative contemplations, adding to the foundation of capable rules for quantum-safe blockchain innovation. Insights into the performance of lattice-based cryptography and hash-based signatures, as well as the provision of a blueprint for future research in quantum-resistant distributed ledger systems, are among the anticipated contributions. The powerful idea of quantum advancements and blockchain requires continuous investigation, and the exploration makes way for future examinations concerning quantum-safe agreement components, upgraded Quantum Key Dispersion, and interdisciplinary coordinated efforts.
Decentralization Using Quantum Blockchain: A Theoretical Analysis
IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering
Blockchain technology has been prominent recently due to its applications in cryptocurrency. Numerous decentralized blockchain applications have been possible due to blockchains' nature of distributed, secured, and peer-to-peer storage. One of its technical pillars is using public-key cryptography and hash functions, which promise a secure, pseudoanonymous, and distributed storage with nonrepudiation. This security is believed to be difficult to break with classical computational powers. However, recent advances in quantum computing have raised the possibility of breaking these algorithms with quantum computers, thus, threatening the blockchains' security. Quantum-resistant blockchains are being proposed as alternatives to resolve this issue. Some propose to replace traditional cryptography with postquantum cryptography-others base their approaches on quantum computer networks or quantum internets. Nonetheless, a new security infrastructure (e.g., access control/authentication) must be established before any of these could happen. This article provides a theoretical analysis of the quantum blockchain technologies that could be used for decentralized identity authentication. We put together a conceptual design for a quantum blockchain identity framework and give a review of the technical evidence. We investigate its essential components and feasibility, effectiveness, and limitations. Even though it currently has various limitations and challenges, we believe a decentralized perspective of quantum applications is noteworthy and likely. INDEX TERMS Blockchains, consensus protocol, decentralized applications, identity management systems, quantum computing, quantum networks. Engineering uantum Transactions on IEEE Yang et al.: DECENTRALIZATION USING QUANTUM BLOCKCHAIN
Quantum Science and Technology, 2018
Blockchain is a distributed database which is cryptographically protected against malicious modifications. While promising for a wide range of applications, current blockchain platforms rely on digital signatures, which are vulnerable to attacks by means of quantum computers. The same, albeit to a lesser extent, applies to cryptographic hash functions that are used in preparing new blocks, so parties with access to quantum computation would have unfair advantage in procuring mining rewards. Here we propose a possible solution to the quantum-era blockchain challenge and report an experimental realization of a quantum-safe blockchain platform that utilizes quantum key distribution across an urban fiber network for information-theoretically secure authentication. These results address important questions about realizability and scalability of quantum-safe blockchains for commercial and governmental applications.
A Survey and Comparison of Post-Quantum and Quantum Blockchains
IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 2022
Blockchains have gained substantial attention from academia and industry for their ability to facilitate decentralized trust and communications. However, the rapid progress of quantum computing poses a significant threat to the security of existing blockchain technologies. Notably, the emergence of Shor's and Grover's algorithms raises concerns regarding the compromise of the cryptographic systems underlying blockchains. Consequently, it is essential to develop methods that reinforce blockchain technology against quantum attacks. In response to this challenge, two distinct approaches have been proposed. The first approach involves post-quantum blockchains, which aim to utilize classical cryptographic algorithms resilient to quantum attacks. The second approach explores quantum blockchains, which leverage the power of quantum computers and networks to rebuild the foundations of blockchains. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview and comparison of post-quantum and quantum blockchains while exploring open questions and remaining challenges in these domains. It offers an in-depth introduction, examines differences in blockchain structure, security, privacy, and other key factors, and concludes by discussing current research trends.
Towards a Scalable and Secure Blockchain Based on Post-Quantum Cryptography
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering (IJARCCE), 2022
Blockchain systems rely on classical cryptography of public key encryption and hash functions for its security. These security mechanisms of the distributed technology is made possible by complex mathematical computations, integer factorization and discrete logarithm problems. The emergence of quantum technology is expected to reduce the security of current cryptographic systems. As a result, companies adopting blockchain-based solutions, becomes prone to quantum attack in long-term strategic planning. Grover's and Shor's quantum algorithms, which attack the cryptographic principles on which the blockchain is built, currently pose the biggest threat to the blockchain. To counter these threats, the post-quantum cryptography was proposed. The main aim of this study is to critically analyzed the security of classical blockchain and present some post-quantum implementation algorithms in developing a quantumbased blockchain system that would be able to withstand any attacks using quantum technology.
Towards Quantum-Secured Permissioned Blockchain: Signature, Consensus, and Logic
Entropy
While Blockchain technology is universally considered as a significant technology for the near future, some of its pillars are under a threat of another thriving technology, Quantum Computing. In this paper, we propose important safeguard measures against this threat by developing a framework of a quantum-secured, permissioned blockchain called Logicontract (LC). LC adopts a digital signature scheme based on Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) mechanisms and a vote-based consensus algorithm to achieve consensus on the blockchain. The main contribution of this paper is in the development of: (1) unconditionally secure signature scheme for LC which makes it immune to the attack of quantum computers; (2) scalable consensus protocol used by LC; (3) logic-based scripting language for the creation of smart contracts on LC; (4) quantum-resistant lottery protocol which illustrates the power and usage of LC.
Navigating the Quantum Computing Threat Landscape for Blockchains: A Comprehensive Survey
Quantum computers pose a significant threat to blockchain technology’s security, which heavily relies on public-key cryptography and hash functions. The cryptographic algorithms used in blockchains, based on large odd prime numbers and discrete logarithms, can be easily compromised by quantum computing algorithms like Shor’s algorithm and its future qubit variations. This survey paper comprehensively examines the impact of quantum computers on blockchain security and explores potential mitigation strategies. We begin by surveying the existing literature on blockchains and quantum computing, providing insights into the current state of research. We then present an overview of blockchain, highlighting its key components and functionalities. We delve into the preliminaries and key definitions of quantum computing, establishing a foundation for understanding the implications on blockchain security. The application of blockchains in cybersecurity is explored, considering their strengths ...
Quantum computers put blockchain security at risk
Nature, 2018
rebooted brain research p.474 MUSIC Celebrating the female pioneers of electronica p.470 SPACE Rock legend Brian May retells the race to the Moon-in 3D p.469 CONSERVATION The people and places that invented the word 'environment' p.468 Quantum computers put blockchain security at risk Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies will founder unless they integrate quantum technologies, warn Aleksey K. Fedorov, Evgeniy O. Kiktenko and Alexander I. Lvovsky. B y 2025, up to 10% of global gross domestic product is likely to be stored on blockchains 1. A blockchain is a digital tool that uses cryptography techniques to protect information from unauthorized changes. It lies at the root of the Bitcoin cryptocurrency 2. Blockchain-related products are used everywhere from finance and manufacturing to health care, in a market worth more than US$150 billion. When information is money, data security, transparency and accountability are crucial. Quantum cryptography equipment, which uses the principle of entanglement to encode data that only the sender and receiver can access.
A review of quantum and hybrid quantum/classical blockchain protocols
Quantum Information Processing, 2020
Blockchain technology is facing critical issues of scalability, efficiency and sustainability. These problems are necessary to solve if blockchain is to become a technology that can be used responsibly. Useful quantum computers could potentially be developed by the time that blockchain will be widely implemented for mission-critical work at financial and other institutions. Quantum computing will not only cause challenges for blockchain, but can also be harnessed to better implement parts of blockchain technologies including cryptocurrencies. We review the work that has been done in the area of quantum blockchain and hybrid quantum-classical blockchain technology and discuss open questions that remain.