Vitamin D Intake and Risk of Incident Hypertension: Results From Three Large Prospective Cohort Studies (original) (raw)
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Vitamin D status and hypertension: a review
Integrated Blood Pressure Control, 2015
Integrated Blood Pressure Control Dovepress submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com Dovepress 13 R e v I e w open access to scientific and medical research Open Access Full Text Article Abstract: Vitamin D is a steroid prohormone synthesized in the skin following ultraviolet exposure and also achieved through supplemental or dietary intake. While there is strong evidence for its role in maintaining bone and muscle health, there has been recent debate regarding the role of vitamin D deficiency in hypertension based on conflicting epidemiological evidence. Thus, we conducted a scoping systematic literature review and meta-analysis of all observational studies published up to early 2014 in order to map trends in the evidence of this association. Mixed-effect meta-analysis was performed to pool risk estimates from ten prospective studies (n=58,262) (pooled risk for incident hypertension, relative risk [RR] =0.76 (0.63-0.90) for top vs bottom category of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25OHD]) and from 19 cross-sectional studies (n=90,535) (odds ratio [OR] =0.79 (0.73-0. ). Findings suggest that the better the assessed quality of the respective study design, the stronger the relationship between higher 25OHD levels and hypertension risk (RR =0.67 (0.51-0.88); OR =0.77 (0.72-0.89)). There was significant heterogeneity among the findings for both prospective and cross-sectional studies, but no evidence of publication bias was shown. There was no increased risk of hypertension when the participants were of older age or when they were vitamin D deficient. Younger females showed strong associations between high 25OHD levels and hypertension risk, especially in prospective studies (RR =0.36 (0.18-0.72); OR =0.62 (0.44-0.87)). Despite the accumulating evidence of a consistent link between vitamin D and blood pressure, these data are observational, so questions still remain in relation to the causality of this relationship. Further studies either combining existing raw data from available cohort studies or conducting further Mendelian analyses are needed to determine whether this represents a causal association. Large randomized controlled trials are also needed to determine whether vitamin supplementation may be beneficial in the prevention or the treatment of hypertension.
2014
Vitamin D deficiency has been proposed as an associating factor with increased blood pressure. We studied the relationship between serum vitamin D and blood pressure in a large representative sample of Iranian population. In this cross-sectional study, based on the data of 2508 adults (aged between 20 and 70 years) from the Iran Multicenter Osteoporosis Study (IMOS), the association between serum vitamin D and blood pressure was investigated. There was a significant difference between mean (±SD) vitamin D levels of the individuals with stage I hypertension and that of the three other groups (Normal: 32.9 (±27.5); Prehypertension: 34.4 (±27.2); Stage-I: 38.7 (±29.2); Stage-II: 34.7 (±24.0) ng/ml; P<0.05. In multivariate regression models, the weak positive association of vitamin D and systolic blood pressure values disappeared after age and Body Mass Index (BMI) adjustment. We found a statistically positive but weak association between vitamin D serum concentration and systolic bl...
The relation between serum vitamin D levels and blood pressure: a population-based study
Acta medica Iranica, 2014
Vitamin D deficiency has been proposed as an associating factor with increased blood pressure. We studied the relationship between serum vitamin D and blood pressure in a large representative sample of Iranian population. In this cross-sectional study, based on the data of 2508 adults (aged between 20 and 70 years) from the Iran Multicenter Osteoporosis Study (IMOS), the association between serum vitamin D and blood pressure was investigated. There was a significant difference between mean (±SD) vitamin D levels of the individuals with stage I hypertension and that of the three other groups (Normal: 32.9 (±27.5); Prehypertension: 34.4 (±27.2); Stage-I: 38.7 (±29.2); Stage-II: 34.7 (±24.0) ng/ml; P<0.05. In multivariate regression models, the weak positive association of vitamin D and systolic blood pressure values disappeared after age and Body Mass Index (BMI) adjustment. We found a statistically positive but weak association between vitamin D serum concentration and systolic bl...
The relationship between vitamin D levels and nondipper hypertension
Blood Pressure Monitoring, 2015
Objective Nondipper hypertension is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease, heart failure and hypertension. We aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin D on nondipper hypertension. Design This study included total 200 essential hypertensive patients. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed for each patient. In addition to routine tests, vitamin D levels were analysed. Results The study population was divided into two groups: 100 dipper patients (mean age; 50.6 ± 9.9 years, 54 women and 46 men) and 100 nondipper patients (mean age; 49.2 ± 8.2 years, 53 women and 47 men). Clinical blood pressures were significantly higher in nondipper hypertensives than dipper hypertensives (systolic blood pressures 141.2 ± 5.6 vs. 139.1 ± 6.6 mmHg, diastolic blood pressures 88.4 ± 2.6 mmHg vs. 87.4 ± 3.4, P < 0.05, respectively). Nondipper patients showed lower levels of vitamin D compared with dippers (21.1 ± 3.5, 31 ± 7.1 ng/ml, P < 0.001, respectively). A significant positive correlation was observed between vitamin D and the rate of nocturnal systolic and diastolic blood pressure fall (r = 0.525, P < 0.001 and r = 0.512, P < 0.001, respectively) Conclusion Vitamin D levels are significantly lower in patients with nondipper hypertension than patients with dipper hypertension.
JAMA internal medicine, 2015
Low levels of vitamin D are associated with elevated blood pressure (BP) and future cardiovascular events. Whether vitamin D supplementation reduces BP and which patient characteristics predict a response remain unclear. To systematically review whether supplementation with vitamin D or its analogues reduce BP. We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and http://www.ClinicalTrials.com augmented by a hand search of references from the included articles and previous reviews. Google was searched for gray literature (ie, material not published in recognized scientific journals). No language restrictions were applied. The search period spanned January 1, 1966, through March 31, 2014. We included randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials that used vitamin D supplementation for a minimum of 4 weeks for any indication and reported BP data. Studies were included if they used active or inactive forms of vitamin D or vitamin D analogues. Cointerv...
Frontiers in Nutrition, 2022
BackgroundFindings of observational studies that evaluated the association of serum vitamin D status and high blood pressure were contradictory. This meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies assessed the relation of serum vitamin D levels to hypertension (HTN) and pre-hypertension in adults.MethodsWe conducted a systematic search of all published articles up to March 2021, in four electronic databases (MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science (ISI), Embase and Scopus), and Google scholar. Seventy epidemiologic studies (10 prospective cohort, one nested case–control, and 59 cross-sectional investigations) that reported relative risks (RRs), odds ratios (ORs), hazard ratios, or prevalence ratios with 95% CIs for HTN or pre-hypertension in relation to serum vitamin D concentrations in adults were included in the analysis.ResultsIn prospective studies, a 16% decrease in risk of hypertension was observed in participants with high levels of serum vitamin D compared to low levels (RR: 0.84; 95%CI: 0...
The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2008
The prevalences of both hypertension and vitamin D insufficiency are high in the United States. Recent clinical trials and animal studies have suggested that vitamin D insufficiency may be associated with elevated blood pressure. With cross-sectional data, we sought to determine whether vitamin D concentrations were related to systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1992). Blood pressure was classified with 5 categories from the Joint National Committee 7 with a sixth category added to distinguish participants with normotensive SBP (<110 mm Hg) from those with high-normal SBP (110-119 mm Hg). We used predicted marginals to estimate the conditional means of serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and to test for trend across blood pressure categories. We used linear regression to explore the association between vitamin D, blood pressure, and age. Lower 25(OH)D concentrations were associated with a higher blood pressure category...
Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2014
BACKGROUND-Vitamin D deficiency was associated with total mortality in previous epidemiological studies. Little is known about effects of dietary vitamin D intake on mortality. We examined the association between mid-life dietary vitamin D intake and 45-year total mortality. METHODS-The Honolulu Heart Program is a longitudinal cohort study of 8,006 Japanese-American men in Hawaii aged 45-68 at baseline (1965-68). Mid-life dietary vitamin D intake was calculated from 24-hour dietary recall using Nutritionist IV v3 software. We divided subjects into quartiles of dietary vitamin D. Total mortality data were available over 45 years through 2010. RESULTS-Age-adjusted total mortality rates were higher in the lower quartiles of dietary vitamin D intake compared to the highest (p for trend=0.011). Using Cox regression, low dietary vitamin D was significantly associated with total mortality; quartile (Q) 1 hazard ratio (HR)=1.14, 95%CI=1.07-1.22, p<0.001; Q2 HR=1.11, 95%CI=1.04-1.18, p=0.002; and Q3 HR=1.08, 95%CI=1.01-1.15, p=0.027; Q4= reference. After adjusting for age, kilocalories, cardiovascular risk factors and prevalent chronic diseases, only Q2 remained significant (HR=1.08, 95%CI=1.00-1.15, p=0.037). Among hypertensive subjects only, those in lower 2 quartiles had higher total mortality; Q1 HR=1.12, 95%CI=1.01-1.25, p=0.039; and Q2 HR=1.13, 95%CI=1.02-1.26, p=0.025; compared to Q4. There was no significant relationship in subjects without hypertension. CONCLUSIONS-Low dietary vitamin D intake in mid-life was a weak predictor of total mortality over 45 years of follow-up. We found a significant association between low dietary
The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology, 2014
Low plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration is associated with high arterial blood pressure and hypertension risk, but whether this association is causal is unknown. We used a mendelian randomisation approach to test whether 25(OH)D concentration is causally associated with blood pressure and hypertension risk. In this mendelian randomisation study, we generated an allele score (25[OH]D synthesis score) based on variants of genes that affect 25(OH)D synthesis or substrate availability (CYP2R1 and DHCR7), which we used as a proxy for 25(OH)D concentration. We meta-analysed data for up to 108 173 individuals from 35 studies in the D-CarDia collaboration to investigate associations between the allele score and blood pressure measurements. We complemented these analyses with previously published summary statistics from the International Consortium on Blood Pressure (ICBP), the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium, and the Global Blo...
Study of association of vitamin D and hypertension in a South Asian cohort
european journal of heart failure, 2016
Background: Hypertension continues to be a public heath menace with substantial morbidity & mortality. The antihypertensive effect of vitamin D is attributed to its negative regulation of Renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), anti-oxidant and anti-angiogenic effects. Data regarding role of Vitamin D in Asian Indian population is meager. Methods: One hundred two subjects with Essential hypertension who were Vitamin D naïve were enrolled from outpatient department. Ninety nine Healthy age and sex matched non hypertensive controls were also taken for comparison. Serum Vitamin D level estimation was done in both groups via immunoabsorbant assay and deficiency defined as values<20 ng/ml. Results: Vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent among cases in comparison to controls (80.4% vs 67.7%,p=0.01).The mean 25-OH vitamin D levels among cases was 15.15±12.51ng/ml versus a corresponding value of 33.59±16.69 ng/ml among controls(p=0.0001).We observed an inverse association between vitamin D levels and systolic blood pressure (p value=0.01). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is linked to hypertension and may serve as cheap and efficient measure to cut down elevated BP and its complications.