Current concepts in the managment of pelvic inflammaotry disease (original) (raw)
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Acute pelvic inflammatory disease in a sub-Saharan country: a cross sectional descriptive study
International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2015
Disease (PID) is defined as the inflammation of the upper genital tract including the uterus, fallopian tubes, the ovaries and the pelvic peritoneum. 1,2 The incidence of acute PID has decreased in many countries, 3 though its true prevalence is not well known because the majority of cases are subclinical. 1,3 According to authors, its incidence varies between 0.28% and 1.67% worldwide. 4-6 In Africa, especially in sub-Saharan countries, the incidence is not well known and might be higher than these rates mentioned above. The inflammation observed in PID results from infection, mostly bacterial. 1 The microorganisms responsible can be sexually transmitted (Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoea), 7,8 or not (Streptococcus sp.,
African Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2021
Pelvic inflammatory disease is a gynaecological disease that affects the upper genital organs of reproductive age females. It is a disease associated with clinical sequalae such as tubal blockage, oophoritis and cervicitis which are said to result to high rate of disease (such as female infertility) and deaths among the females. This study therefore attempts to evaluate the association of various factors to high prevalence of pelvic inflammatory disease among women residing in developing countries such as Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered to all women enrolled for this study too obtain their data. Seven hundred and twenty (720) patients out of 1170 patients enrolled for this study were recorded to be pelvic inflammatory disease patients, of which 380(85%) were rural dwellers; 452(87.6%) were ignorant of pelvic inflammatory disease and were thus easily prone to the disease; 285(86.4%) were within the reproductive ages of 25-29 years; 350(85.2%) previously had urinary tract in...
Global Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2023
Introduction: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs. It usually occurs when sexually transmitted bacteria spread from vagina to the uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries. Objective: To conduct a systematic review on knowledge regarding pelvic inflammatory disease among in-school adolescent girls in secondary schools in Kwara state, Nigeria. Methods: Comprehensive search strategy was conducted to identify relevant studies reporting the knowledge of in-school adolescent girls regarding pelvic inflammatory disease by searching the following electronic bibliographic databases using Google scholar (2015-2020), MEDLINE(R), EMBASE and MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsycINFO all (2015-2020). Results: Generally, awareness and knowledge varied among the adolescents depending on class (junior secondary class and senior secondary class) and demography. However, only few (0.44%) of in school-adolescent girls have knowledge on early detection of PID while 3.8% of the in school-adolescent girls have knowledge on the consequences. Conclusion: Despite availability of various sources of information and different demographic variables, the knowledge of pelvic inflammatory disease among in-school adolescent girls fall below average in all the 12 studies included in this research study. Recommendation: There is need for continuous public sensitization on the etiology and consequences of pelvic inflammatory disease through social media campaign among others.
Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Cameroon: A Cross Sectional Descriptive Study
African Journal of Reproductive Health, 2015
This cross-sectional descriptive study, aimed at identifying the sociodemographic characteristics of women diagnosed with acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), as well as the microorganisms isolated, was carried out between October 1st, 2013 and March 31st, 2014 in two major hospitals in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Seventy women diagnosed with acute PID were recruited. The main variables recorded were maternal age, occupation, marital status, number of current sexual partners, the clinical presentation at admission and the microorganisms identified. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Mean maternal age was 29.0 ± 7.7 years. Students were more represented (37.1%), 58.6 % were single, 64.3% had ≥ 2 sexual partners. The most frequent signs and symptoms were abnormal vaginal discharge (100%), adnexal tenderness (97.1%), cervical motion tenderness (94.3%) and fever ≥ 38.3 degrees C (82.9%). No microorganism was isolated in 20% of cases, especially among women who underwent intra-uterine proced...
BMC Women's Health, 2010
Background: Reproductive tract infections (RTI's) are endemic in developing countries and entail a heavy toll on women. If untreated, RTI's can lead to adverse health outcomes such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy and increased vulnerability to transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus. It is also associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. While RTI's and its sequelae abound in Nigeria, there is paucity of publications on the subject in the country. This study assessed the understandings and care seeking behavior with regards to RTI's among women of reproductive age in Lagos, Nigeria with the aim of improving awareness on the subject. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional survey of women attending the gynaecological outpatient and family planning clinics of the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital was carried out between 1 st June 2008 and 31 st August 2008 using a pre-tested questionnaire. Data was analysed using the Epi-Info 3.5 statistical software of the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta U.S.A. Results: Most of the respondents (77.2%) had heard of RTI's. Toilet was the most perceived mode of contracting RTI's (44.6%), followed by sexual intercourse and poor hygiene. Vaginal discharge was the commonest symptom of RTI's named while inability to get pregnant was the commonest named complication. Majority of the respondent's demonstrated poor overall knowledge of symptoms and complications of RTI"s. 37.4% of the respondents had experienced symptoms of RTI's in the preceding six months. Vaginal discharge was the commonest symptom reported (21.8%) and the majority of those who reported symptoms sought medical treatment. Government health centres were the most visited health facilities for treatment. Conclusion: Even though most of the respondents have heard of RTI's and sought treatment when symptomatic, they demonstrated poor overall understanding of the subject. There is need to educate women on preventive strategies, as RTI's are often assymptomatic.
Romanian Journal of Medical Practice
Introduction. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is considered a major cause of morbidity in women, but its epidemiology is little known in Albania. Purpose. Investigation of the incidence and prevalence of pelvic inflammatory disease and its impact on infertility, pelvialgia and surgical interventions. Objectives. The study is based on cases with acute and chronic PID, and not on asymptomatic ones. The literature review is based on studies and data from PubMed and Cochrane. We must emphasize the fact that the literature provides different data between developed and developing countries in terms of PID incidence. Data in Albania show that in addition to C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae is also observed, which has a high incidence associated with PID. Other characteristics such as the age of the first relationship, having or not having many partners are similar to those of European Community countries. Results. The highest incidence of patients diagnosed with PID was in women of reproductive age (1.7%). The diagnostic criteria were: the presence of abdominal pain and the exclusion of competitive diagnoses. The combined case-control and retrospective study showed that PID has the characteristics of a sexually transmitted disease. When compared with a control group who had undergone tubular ligation or the presence of IUD, the increased risk for PID was associated with: age group < 25 years; age at first sexual intercourse < 20 years; Roma or Egyptian population; parity; a previous history with SST and the presence of C. trachomatis. When the comparison was performed with the data obtained in the general population randomly, the increased risk is related to: age group < 25 years; age at first sexual intercourse < 15 years; low socioeconomic status; having many partners; abortion; previous history of SSTs and exposure to C. trachomatis. Of the cases, 64% were not associated with any of the infectious agents measured in this study (idiopathic). Several idiopathic cases were associated with Mycoplasma genitalium.
SES & PID NigerPostgradMedJ242114-6146805_014226.pdf
Background: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a major cause of gynaecological morbidity globally. Complications from PID include infertility, ectopic pregnancy and chronic pelvic pain. Low socioeconomic status (SES) is a risk factor for the occurrence of PID. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the association between SES of parents and the occurrence of PID among undergraduates attending Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua. Methodology: The study was a hospital‑based, descriptive cross‑sectional study. Three hundred and sixty female undergraduates attending the hospital were consecutively recruited and clinically assessed for the presence of PID using the WHO and CDC MMWR 2010 criteria for the clinical assessment of PID. Their SES was determined by Oyedeji social class categorisation. Data were analysed using Epi Info 3.5.4. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the data, and Chi‑square was used to test for association. Results: There was a significant association between SES of parents and multiple sex partners (P < 0.02), previous sexually transmitted infection (STI) (P = 0.05), unprotected sex (P < 0.001), history of induced abortion (P < 0.001) and surgical termination of pregnancy (P < 0.01). There was also association between occurrence of PID among respondents and multiple sexual partners (P < 0.001), previous history of STI (P = 0.02), non‑persistent use of condom (P < 0.001), history of induced abortion (P < 0.01) and surgical termination of pregnancy (P < 0.01). There was however no significant association between SES of parents and occurrence of PID (P = 0.14) though PID was highest among respondents from low SES. Conclusion: Occurrence of PID among undergraduates was not associated with their SES. However, identified risk factors for PID among study population such as multiple sex partners, previous STI, unprotected sex and history of induced abortion were associated with the SES. Keywords: Females, parents, pelvic inflammatory disease, socioeconomic status, undergraduates
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROGRESSIVE RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE (IJPREMS) , 2023
Vaginal infection sign is found to cause extreme anxiousness as well as distress to women, affecting heavily on their sexual and also social lives. Women with Infectious vaginitis may notice Itching, burning, redness or soreness of the genitals; Discomfort with urination; A change in their vaginal discharge (i.e., thin discharge or increased volume) that can be clear, white, yellowish, or greenish with an unusual fishy smell, feeling stigmatised, experiencing lowered selfconfidence and infertility. The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence of infectious vaginitis among women of reproductive age in Nigeria using open access on internet publications. This was done through searching on the prevalence of vagina infection or sexual transmitted disease. Using this method, many scholarly works on the prevalence of vaginitis were found upon which the findings was deduced. It was found that the prevalence of vaginitis infection is relatively higher in sexually active women from the age of 11-45. The parasite resides in the female’s lower genital tract and the male urethra and prostate. It was found that there was shortage of effective treatment of this disease particularly in local area. The high cost of treatment was identified as a bottleneck for the treatment of the infection. Considering the high prevalence of infectious vaginities in Nigeria, it was recommends among others that The healthcare centre in all the local government should be well equipped intense of drugs that can effectively treat this disease. The stakeholder, government and non-governmental organization should subsidise the treatment drugs. This could encourage the victim in patronizing the medical health facilities. Keywords
Background: RTIs/STIs present a huge burden of disease, adversely impact reproductive health, and cause suffering for both men and women with consequences more devastating and widespread among women. These infections often go undiagnosed and untreated. Objectives: 1) To identify the most common reported symptoms of RTI/STI among married women aged 15‑44 years in an urban population of Ludhiana. 2) To identify important risk factors associated with symptoms of RTI/STI in the study population. Materials and Methods: A cross‑sectional study was carried out among married women aged 15‑44 years in an urban area in Ludhiana, using the WHO‑Syndromic Approach for diagnosis and management of RTIs/STIs. The sample consisted of 260 eligible women obtained by systematic random sampling, from amongst those residing in the population served by one MPHW (F). Results: The prevalence of symptoms suggestive of RTIs/STIs in the study population was found to be 17.3%. The most common symptoms reported by the women sufferers were urinary (dysuria 57.8%, frequent urination 53.3%), followed by dyspareunia (26.7%), unusual vaginal discharge (24.4%) and vaginal itching (22.2%). Age 35‑44 years, gravidity >4, education high school/above, joint families, history of abortion, and using ordinary cloth during menstruation were found to be significant risk factors. 64.4% of those with symptoms were untreated, 68.7% of those treated reported partial relief, most of those treated preferred private doctors, and the partners were not treated. Key words: Prevalence, reproductive tract infections, sexually transmitted infections, women of reproductive age group,