Progress toward polio eradication--Worldwide, 2013-2014 (original) (raw)
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Progress Toward Polio Eradication — Worldwide, 2014–2015
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2015
In 1988, the World Health Assembly of the World Health Organization (WHO) resolved to eradicate polio worldwide. Wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission has been interrupted in all but three countries (Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan). No WPV type 2 cases have been detected worldwide since 1999, and the last WPV type 3 case was detected in Nigeria in November 2012; since 2012, only WPV type 1 has been detected. Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV), usually type 2, continues to cause cases of paralytic polio in communities with low population immunity. In 2012, the World Health Assembly declared global polio eradication "a programmatic emergency for global public health", and in 2014, WHO declared the international spread of WPV to previously polio-free countries to be "a public health emergency of international concern". This report summarizes global progress toward polio eradication during 2014-2015 and updates previous reports. In 2014, a total of 359 W...
Progress Toward Polio Eradication — Worldwide, January 2017–March 2019
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
Since the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) began in 1988, transmission of wild poliovirus (WPV) has been interrupted in all countries except Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan. WPV type 2 (WPV2) was declared eradicated in 2015; WPV type 3 has not been detected since 2012 (1). After the certification of the eradication of WPV2, a global switch from trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV, containing vaccine virus types 1, 2, and 3) to bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV, containing types 1 and 3) was completed in April 2016. Nigeria last reported WPV type 1 (WPV1) cases in 2016. This report describes global progress toward poliomyelitis eradication during January 1, 2017-March 31, 2019, and updates previous reports (1,2). Afghanistan and Pakistan reported their lowest annual number of WPV cases (22) in 2017; however, 33 WPV1 cases were reported in 2018. During January-March 2019 (as of May 3), 12 WPV1 cases had been reported worldwide, four more than the eight reported during the corresponding period in 2018. The occurrence of polio cases caused by circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) is rare and occurs where oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) coverage has been low and vaccine virus reverts to neurovirulence (3). Eight countries (Democratic Republic of the Congo [DRC],
The Journal of infectious diseases, 2014
Despite substantial progress, global polio eradication has remained elusive. Indigenous wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission in 4 endemic countries (Afghanistan, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan) persisted into 2010 and outbreaks from imported WPV continued. By 2013, most outbreaks in the interim were promptly controlled. The number of polio-affected districts globally has declined by 74% (from 481 in 2009 to 126 in 2013), including a 79% decrease in the number of affected districts in endemic countries (from 304 to 63). India is now polio-free. The challenges to success in the remaining polio-endemic countries include (1) threats to the security of vaccinators in each country and a ban on polio vaccination in areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan; (2) a risk of decreased government commitment; and (3) remaining surveillance gaps. Coordinated efforts under the International Health Regulations and efforts to mitigate the challenges provide a clear opportunity to soon secure global eradication.
Tracking progress toward polio eradication - worldwide, 2013-2014
MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 2015
Global efforts to eradicate polio began in 1988 and have been successful in all but two of the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions. Within these two regions (African and Eastern Mediterranean), three countries (Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan) have never interrupted transmission of wild poliovirus (WPV). Outbreaks following importation of WPV from these countries occurred in the Horn of Africa, Central Africa, and in the Middle East during 2013-2014. The primary means of tracking polio is surveillance for cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), the main symptom of polio, followed by testing of AFP patients' stool specimens for both WPV and vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) in WHO-accredited laboratories within the Global Polio Laboratory Network (GPLN). This is supplemented with environmental surveillance (testing sewage for WPV and VDPV) (4). Both types of surveillance use genomic sequencing for characterization of poliovirus isolates to map poliovirus transmission a...
Progress Toward Polio Eradication — Worldwide, January 2020–April 2022
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2022
In 1988, the World Health Assembly established the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI). Since then, wild poliovirus (WPV) cases have decreased approximately 99.99%, and WPV types 2 and 3 have been declared eradicated. Only Afghanistan and Pakistan have never interrupted WPV type 1 (WPV1) transmission. This report describes global progress toward polio eradication during January 1, 2020-April 30, 2022, and updates previous reports (1,2). This activity was reviewed by CDC and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.* Five WPV1 cases were reported from Afghanistan and Pakistan in 2021, compared with 140 in 2020. In 2022 (as of May 5), three WPV1 cases had been reported: one from Afghanistan and two from Pakistan. WPV1 genetically linked to virus circulating in Pakistan was identified in Malawi in a child with paralysis onset in November 2021. Circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs), with neurovirulence and transmissibility similar to that of WPV, emerge in populations with low immunity following prolonged circulation of Sabin strain oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) (3). During January 2020-April 30, 2022, a total of 1,856 paralytic cVDPV cases were reported globally: 1,113 in 2020 and 688 in 2021, including cases in Afghanistan and Pakistan. In 2022 (as of May 5), 55 cVDPV cases had been reported. Intensified programmatic actions leading to more effective outbreak responses are needed to stop cVDPV transmission. The 2022-2026 GPEI Strategic Plan objective of ending WPV1 transmission by the end of 2023 is attainable (4). However, the risk for children being paralyzed by polio remains until all polioviruses, including WPV and cVDPV, are eradicated. Since the 2016 withdrawal of Sabin polio vaccine virus type 2 and the globally synchronized switch from trivalent OPV (tOPV, including Sabin types 1, 2, and 3) to bivalent OPV (bOPV, including Sabin types 1 and 3) in all OPVusing countries, bOPV and injectable inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) (including all three serotypes) have been used in routine immunization programs worldwide. cVDPV type 2 (cVDPV2) has been the predominant cause of cVDPV outbreaks since 2006 and informed the rationale for the switch to
Reaching the last one per cent: progress and challenges in global polio eradication
Current opinion in virology, 2012
Since its launch in 1988, the World Health Organization's Global Polio Eradication Initiative has reduced worldwide polio incidence by >99%. The most dramatic progress was achieved up to the year 2000, the original eradication target date, but subsequent years have seen only limited progress in preventing the last 1% of cases. Recent gains in India and Nigeria have been offset by continued endemicity in Pakistan and Afghanistan, and repeated reseeding of wild poliovirus into polio-free areas has led to large outbreaks and re-established transmission. Although wild poliovirus type 2 was eradicated in 1999 and wild poliovirus type 3 may be nearing eradication, the continued emergence of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses, especially type 2, presents ongoing challenges to stopping all poliovirus transmission.
Challenges faced by the global polio eradication initiative
Expert Review of Vaccines, 2010
Editorial Challenges faced by the global polio eradication initiative Expert Rev. Vaccines 9(5), 447-449 (2010) "Since 2004, the number of wild poliovirus cases confirmed per year has remained above 1000 and since 2006, the number of countries that have never interrupted transmission of poliovirus has remained unchanged at four…" For reprint orders, please contact reprints@expert-reviews.com Expert Review of Vaccines Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by 201.209.255.203 on 05/20/14
Poliovirus eradication initiatives in dire straits: Updates from Pakistan
2021
www.jogh.org • doi: 10.7189/jogh.11.03036 1 2021 • Vol. 11 • 03036 Early in the 20 th century, polio epidemics in industrialized nations made it the most feared disease, paralyzing countless children. In the mid of the 20 century, introduction of effective vaccines reduced the number of polio cases from the developed countries, however, many developing countries continued to experiences unrestrained transmission of the virus. In 1988, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) was launched by the World Health Assembly with the aim to eradicate polio from the whole world. This program was a global collaborative effort, headed by national governments, WHO, UNICEF and other agencies. Billions of children have been immunized and the number of wild polio virus (WPV) cases has declined by 99%, since then [1,2].