Parents’ Perspectives: How They Use Behavior Modification Techniques With Toddlers Aged 1-3 (original) (raw)
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Mother-Child Conflict Interaction in the Toddler Years: Behavior Patterns and Correlates
Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2007
We examined mother-child (M-C) conflict behavior during the toddler years. The nature of M-C conflict behaviors, whether conflict behavior differed by context, and factors that were associated with conflict interactions were examined. We used data collected as part of the National Evaluation of the Healthy Steps for Young Children Program. 378 M-C dyads participated in this study. Videotaped observational data at 16–18 months were used to code conflict behaviors using an event recording method. Results showed that M-C conflict were more likely to be initiated by the mothers and that conflict interactions were influenced by context of interaction, family, maternal, and child temperamental factors. In this study, we provide a foundation for understanding parent-child conflict interaction prior to age two.
Immediate and Long-Term Effectiveness of Disciplinary Tactics by Type of Toddler Noncompliance
Parenting: Science and Practice, 2018
Objective. To clarify when the disciplinary recommendations of positive parenting and behavioral parent training apply, this study investigated how the effectiveness of seven disciplinary tactics varies by type of toddler noncompliance, using methods to improve the validity of causal inferences. Design. Multilevel modeling and hierarchical longitudinal regression are used to test immediate and long-term effectiveness of disciplinary tactics in a convenience sample of 102 mother-toddler pairs, using coded information from detailed descriptions of a sample of five discipline episodes along with survey measures. Results. Offering alternatives is the most effective disciplinary tactic for reducing noncompliance severity immediately regardless of the type of noncompliance. Reasoning is the second best tactic for immediately reducing noncompliance severity when responding to parent-oriented noncompliance (negotiating and whining), whereas power assertive and punishment tactics are least effective, but the immediate effectiveness of those tactics reverses when responding to parent-opposing noncompliance (defiance and hitting). Long-term outcomes also differ for toddlers whose predominant noncompliance is parent-oriented or parent-opposing. For parent-oriented toddlers, frequently offering alternatives leads to reduced externalizing problems, whereas punishments increase their behavior problems. For oppositional toddlers, offering alternatives too frequently increases externalizing problems, whereas moderate use of punishments (<16% of the time) decreases total behavior problems. Frequent reasoning also reduces subsequent externalizing problems for oppositional toddlers, despite being the least effective disciplinary response for de-escalating parent-opposing noncompliance immediately. Conclusions. Parenting advice should move beyond universal disciplinary recommendations to help parents match their disciplinary tactics to their child's type of noncompliance.
The Effects of Discipline Responses in Delaying Toddler Misbehavior Recurrences
Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 1996
To compare the effectiveness of maternal punishment (e.g., time out, spanking), reasoning, and the combination of the two, 40 volunteer mothers recorded their responses to incidents of toddler fighting and disobedience in a structured diary for 4 weeks. Punishment frequency correlated positively with misbehavior frequency, but non-punishment responses correlated even more strongly with misbehavior. The mean delay until a misbehavior recurrence was significantly longer after a punishment-reasoning combination (e.g., 20.0 waking hours until a fighting recurrence) than after punishment Robert E.
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Temper tantrums are considered an outburst displayed by young children towards their parents or guardians. These behaviors can be considered normal and a reflection of immaturity as the child strives to accomplish age-appropriate developmental tasks. Moreover, toddler discipline is a very difficult task for parents and caregivers when dealing with temper tantrums. Parents must also learn that there is consistency in the way that these behaviors are handled when they cross the boundaries. With this in mind, the study determined parental demographic factors affecting the application of common methods towards tantrum management in toddlers. The study selected parents from a public (n=40) and private (n=40) schools. A validated self-made questionnaire was utilized to gather information pertaining to temper tantrums, its scenarios, manifestations and methods utilized by the parents. Based on the results, it was identified there are nine (9) methods used by parents in tantrum management a...
Parents' discipline of young children: results from the National Survey of Early Childhood Health
Pediatrics, 2004
To examine the use and predictors of different discipline practices by parents of very young children using data from the 2000 National Survey of Early Childhood Health (NSECH). NSECH is a nationally representative telephone survey of 2068 parents of young children between the ages of 4 and 35 months conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. The survey includes questions about parents' use of 5 discipline practices: yelling, spanking, time out, toy removal, and explanations. chi2 analyses and logistic multivariate regression were used to examine associations between discipline practices and child, parent, and demographic factors. Among young children aged 19 to 35 months, frequent parental use of discipline strategies ranged from 26% (spanking) to 65% (taking away toy or treat), 67% (yelling), 70% (using time out), and 90% (providing explanations). In multivariate analyses, child age predicts reports of more frequent spanking and yelling, and child developmental ri...
Parental Reactivity to Disruptive Behavior in Toddlerhood: An Experimental Study
Journal of abnormal child psychology, 2018
Disruptive child behavior is often exacerbated and maintained by negative and inconsistent parenting behavior that unwittingly reinforces disruptive behavior. One explanation for why parents render it difficult to remain positive and consistent might be the impact of disruptive child behavior on parent self-efficacy and stress. This study investigates how disruptive child behavior in a challenging parenting situation shapes parental momentary thoughts of self-efficacy and feelings of stress (i.e., perceived distress and physiological arousal), and how these in turn predict parenting behavior. We experimentally manipulated a challenging parenting situation that was designed to elicit disruptive child behavior. Specifically, we examined: (1) the effects of the challenging condition compared to a control situation on parental state self-efficacy and stress, (2) whether parents with lower trait self-efficacy and higher trait stress in daily life are most affected, and (3) how state self...
The quality and frequency of mother-toddler conflict
The goal of this study was to examine the links among attachment, child temperament, and the quality and frequency of mother -toddler conflict. Sixty-four mothers and children took part in a series of laboratory tasks when the child was 30 months of age and an audiorecorded home observation when the child was 36 months of age. All episodes of conflict were identified from the videotapes/audiotapes, transcribed, and coded for conflict strategies, resolution, and themes. Mothers also completed measures of attachment security and child temperament. Concurrent attachment security was related to the quality of mother -toddler conflict (including resolution, justification, and compromise) at both periods but not to the frequency of conflict. In addition, aspects of child temperament (i.e., negative reactivity and activity level/impulsivity) were related to both the quality and the frequency of mother -toddler conflict.
Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2009
This study examined the stability of maternal punitive/high-power discipline (PD) and inductive/authoritative discipline (ID) over the second and third years of life and the effect of maternal discipline on quality of mother-child interactions. Data from a longitudinal sample with 179 mother-toddler dyads were analyzed, and selected factors (i.e., child sex, temperament) that might moderate the association between maternal discipline and quality of mother-child interactions were also examined. Maternal discipline, quality of mother-child interactions, and temperamental moderators were measured at 16-18 months (Time 1) and 34-37 months (Time 2). Results showed that the stability of maternal use of discipline strategies over the toddler years was moderate. Lower maternal use of PD, higher maternal use of ID, and higher preference/reliance on ID (relative to PD) were associated with higher quality of mother-child interactions. Moderation effects of child temperament were also found. High ID and PD were associated with low quality of mother-child relationships in nontemperamentally difficult children but not in temperamentally difficult children.
Family Relations, 1994
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