The Economic Condition of Egypt in the 18th century AD (original) (raw)
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Mizan: Journal of Islamic Law, 2020
This article discusses the economic portrait during the Mamluk dynasty in Egypt; The history and thought by aiming to find out how the Islamic economy during the Mamluk dynasty in Egypt was. This research used qualitative research based on the library (library research) with a descriptive qualitative approach and technical analysis and also content analysis. The results of this study indicated that the Islamic economy during the Mamluk Dynasty advanced with various policies such as the governmental system that was the military oligarchic not monarchic, rewarding for scientists and academics, establishing trade relations with foreign countries, free-market policies to farmers, navy resilience, and the effective use of waqf property. Meanwhile, the decline was caused by a prolonged economic crisis, the sultan's lifestyle, corruption and economic monopoly, attacks by other nations, and the bad behavior of the sultans.Keywords: Mamluk Dynasty, Advancement, Decline, Economy Abstrak.A...
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Economics is said to contribute to history itself, to an understanding of the evolution of human societies in the past. A discussion concerning economic history necessarily draws on economic theory since economic history has been well defined as a part of history which requires certain knowledge of economics for its full understanding. Research on economic history also depends on data related to the chosen period. Needless to say, the discussion of economic history in the medieval period encounters difficulties such as the lack of relevant data on the economy. One of the reasons for this is that most of the historians during this period did not give a complete description of the economic situation. All data on economics merely appeared in works on political history and biographies. Information on trade and commerce, currency and goods pricing were not perfectly narrated. Therefore, this article endeavours to examine the Mamluk historians and their narratives on the economy of Egypt for the period of 872-922H/1468-1517AD. Even though, the Mamluk historians give scattered and incomplete information on economy, but the combination of all of these data enlighten us on a general opinion about the economy of Egypt and its situation during the period under review.
Their Accounts on the Economy of Egypt
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The Urgent Need for Cash: Thoughts on the Taxation of Land in the Late Mamluk Sultanate
Mamluk Studies Review, 2022
In his impressive study of land tenure in medieval Syro-Egypt, Daisuke Igarashi has pointed out that by the late fourteenth century amirs and sultans increasingly leased land among themselves. These leased lands (mustaʾjarāt) quite often came out of the iqṭāʿ holdings of the sultans' dīwān alkhāṣṣ. The mustaʾjarāt added another facet to the Mamluk real estate and financial industry. An important amir like the atābak al-ʿasākir Shaykhū al-Nāṣirī (d. 1357) is said to have earned an income of over 200,000 dirhams from his iqṭāʿs, amlāks, and mustaʾjarāt. 20 Milk: Milk is private property and as such is usually outside the military taxation system, but of course products of milk land were taxed. There were no restrictions when it came to selling or inheriting milk property, as it was not included in the state systems but registered as individually owned land.
Unpublished MA Thesis, The Department of History, …, 2001
This study examines the economic development of Bâyezîd II's waqf in Amasya between 1594-1657 and analyses the effect of the agricultural crisis on the financial administration of the waqf in this period. The study also points to a correlation between the changes in the financial situation of the waqf and the agricultural conditions of the period by the examination of the revenue and expenses of the waqf during the period under review through a detailed analysis of the account books of the waqf. As complementary sources, detailed survey (tahrîr) registers, registers of pious endowments (evkâf defterleri), muhâsebe-icmâl registers, the deeds of foundation (vakfiyye) and the court registers of Amasya (şer'iyye sicilleri) are also employed. The examination and analysis of the sources revealed that the waqf faced a serious financial crisis in the first half of the seventeenth century. It also appears that this crisis was closely related to the unstable economic, politic and social conditions of the period of great Celâlî rebellions and terror as well as to the demographic fluctuations, i.e. decline in and displacement of rural population of Ottoman Anatolia at the turn of the seventeenth century.