Differential Resistance of Soil Borne Microbes to Commonly Used Antibiotics (original) (raw)
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A total of eighty bacterial isolates were isolated from pus, sputum, blood, stool and urine of different patients admitted to Sidnawy Hospital, Zagazig University, Egypt. These bacterial isolates were distributed as 50 Gram negative bacterial isolates (62.5%) and 30 Gram positive bacterial isolates (37.5%). The antibiotic susceptibility showed that the most effective antibiotic was amikacin followed by nitrofurantoin, norfloxacin, streptomycin and ciprofloxacin with 80%, 76.25%, 71.25%, 70% and 60% susceptibility respectively. On the other hand, 87.5% of bacterial isolates were resistant to aztreonam while 77.5% and 67.5% were resistant to clindamycin and oxacillin respectively. The four tested isolates; Escherichia coli 3, Staphylococcus aureus 20, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 58 and Klebsiella pneumoniae 65 were selected as multi-drug resistant (MDR) isolates against the tested antibiotics. Identification of the four selected isolates was confirmed molecularly by investigation of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the most three effective antibiotics; amikacin, nitrofurantoin and norfloxacin were determined against the four multi-drug resistant(MDR) isolates. Furthermore, a total of 488 methanolic and aqueous crude extracts derived from different parts of 235 medicinal plant species traditionally used in Egyptian folk medicine belonging to 209 genera and 88 botanical families, were screened for their antibacterial activity against the highly resistant bacterial isolates. Out of 235 tested plants, 30 plant species belonging to 21 botanical families showed highly significant antibacterial activity by inhibiting all tested MDR isolates, and were more effective against Gram-positive than Gram-negative isolates. The microorganisms' susceptibility to different extracts did not correlate with the susceptibility or resistance to particular antibiotics. In most cases the organic extracts (80% methanol, 80% ethanol, 80% butanol, acetone, petroleum ether or chloroform) showed the same or greater activity than the aqueous extracts. Also, the methanolic extracts showed the strongest and broadest spectrum. The combination between the most potent plant extracts (Rhus coriaria, Acacia nilotica or Tamarindus indica) and antibiotics (amikacin, norfloxacin, vancomycin, tetracycline or amoxycillin) showed synergistic effect against the tested bacteria than each of them alone. [EL-Zawahry, Y. A.; Reda, F. M. and Azazy, W. M. Synergistic Effects of Combination Treatment between Certain Plant Extracts and Some Antibiotics on the Resistance of Pathogenic Bacteria against Some Common Antibiotics. Life Sci J 2013;10(4):3477-3489]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 463
https://www.ijhsr.org/IJHSR\_Vol.9\_Issue.5\_May2019/IJHSR\_Abstract.046.html, 2019
Soil is the major repository of microbes that produce antibiotics. The soil is dominantly an ecosphere of different microbes comprising pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains along with beneficial and antibiotic producing microbes. The antibiotic producers are of great concern to the biotech and pharmaceutical industry. The antibiotics are of major utility as these are the molecules secreted by one microbe to invade the function of another microbe. The antibiotics are also broadly categorized under the category known as "defensins". The antibiotics secreted by the positive antibiotic producers are able to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbes. The present study is about the investigation of twelve isolates from different soil samples i.e only one isolate was obtained from Garden soil (Sample A), seven isolates were obtained from Near the Banks of Ganga River (Sample B) and four isolates were obtained from soil sample from local gardens (Sample C) of Uttarakhand. The isolates were named as R/D on the basis of site of location (say Rishikesh and Dehradun) to avoid ambiguity on the culture plates and slants. The isolates were maintained on Nutrient agar plates and slants. The isolates were further screened for gram staining and different biochemical tests. The results showed that amongst twelve isolates obtained, 6 were gram positive bacilli, 3 were gram negative bacilli and 3 were gram positive cocci. The antimicrobial activity of the supernatant/ethyl acetate fraction and pellet fractions of bacteria isolates was determined by well diffusion method against the selected bacterial and fungal pathogens. The pellets of the isolates was rinsed in N-saline and later evaluated for antimicrobial effect while the supernatant/was taken as such for evaluation of antimicrobial activity. The results showed that, supernatant/ethyl acetate fraction and pellet fraction of the isolates possessed antimicrobial activity. It was found that E. coli NCIM 2065, Lactobacillus plantarum NCIM 2083, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341, Salmonella abony NCIM 2257 and MRSA 8 (isolated from pus) were the most resistant pathogens which showed no activity against supernatant/ethyl acetate fraction of any of the isolates of soil samples collected from Rishikesh and Dehradun regions of Uttarakhand. Only B2 supernatant/ethyl acetate fraction showed significant antibacterial activity against MRSA 35 (isolated from blood). Fractions, B1-B7 and C1-C4 showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans NCIM 3471 and Aspergillus niger NCIM 1196. The results indicate that E. coli NCIM 2065, Salmonella abony NCIM 2257, MRSA 8 (isolated from pus) and MRSA 35 (isolated from blood) were the most resistant pathogens which showed no activity against pellet fraction of any of the isolates. The pellet fractions B2, C2 and B6 showed antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341. The pellet fractions, A1, B5, B6, C1 and C6 showed antibacterial activity against Lactobacillus plantarum NCIM 2083. The pellet fractions, A1, B2 and B3 showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger NCIM 1196 while Candida albicans NCIM 3471 was found to be sensitive against B1, B2, B5 and B6 pellet fractions. The supernatant/ethyl acetate fractions of the potent isolates, B2, B5 and C2 were analyzed by thin TLC plate using chloroform and methanol (60:40) as solvent system and erythromycin as control/standard antibiotic. Each extract produced spots when the chromatogram was visualized under iodine vapor. The spot was near the solvent front with Rf value of 0.54 for B2, 0.56 for B5 and 0.57 for C2. Standard antibiotic, Erythromycin however formed a tailed spot with Rf of about 0.5.
International Journal of Biological Innovations, 2021
Antibiotics are microbial products naturally produced in the stationary phase of the growth curve. These are known to kill or inhibit the growth of susceptible infectious microorganisms, so determination of antibiotic susceptibility can help in clinical treatment of infections. E.coli, S. aureus, and Pseudomonas were used as test organisms, isolated from rural habitations of West Nimad, District. Khargone (M.P.). Authors found that S. aureus, E. coli and Pseudomonas are multidrug resistant bacteria but highly susceptible for Ertapenem (34 mm zone of inhibition) and Levofloxacin (30 mm zone of inhibition) so these antibiotics should be used for the treatment of infections caused by the said bacteria and early recovery of patients. Regular monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility in the Nimad area may be helpful in recovery from these infections.
IMPACT OF MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST BACTERIAL STRAIN IN THANJAVUR AREA, TAMIL NADU, INDIA
International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences , 2016
The present study was aimed to evaluate the growth inhibitory effect of Hibiscus rosasinensis, Azadirachta indica, Ficus religiosa and Ocimum sanctum leaves extracts on Esherichia coli, Salmonella typhii, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter aerogen. Aquous plant extracts were tested against 4 bacteria. Gel diffusion method, were used in this investigation. The antibacterial activity of Azadirachta indica plant extract was exhibited maximum zone of inhibition against Esherichia coli 15 mm (Mean value in Dia.), when compared with other medicinal plant extracts. Ficus religiosa plant extract was zone of inhibition 14 mm (Mean value in Dia.) against Esherichia coli and 12 mm (Mean value in Dia.) against Salmonella typhii, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter aerogen. The Enterobacter aerogen was highly inhibition 9 mm (Mean value in Dia.) against Ocimum sanctum plant extract. At the same time Hibiscus rosasinensis plant extract was highly sensitive 14 mm (Mean value in Dia.) against Staphylococcus aureus. The present observation, the Azadirachta indica and Ficus religiosa medicinal plant extracts are having best control of antibacterial activity.
GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences
The extensive use of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections has led to the widespread emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, becoming increasingly difficult to treat with currently available antibacterial agents. The present study is based on prospecting the ethnomedicinal potential of Indian plant varieties for the treatment of MDR bacteria. Plants produce an array of diverse pharmacological compounds in defence against microbial pathogens which may be employed as a novel intervention strategy to combat MDR human pathogens. In the present study, the antimicrobial activity of extracts of four common Indian plants: Azadirachta indica (Neem), Murraya koenigii (Kadipatta), Phyllanthus emblica (Amla), and Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) prepared in four solvents, water, methanol, ethanol, and chloroform was tested against nine MDR bacterial isolates. Kirby-Bauer well diffusion assays were adopted to assess the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts against the MDR strains. The po...
Antimicrobial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants against Multi Drug Resistant Human Pathogens
The present study was conducted with a view to evaluate the therapeutic potentials of twenty six plant extracts traditionally used in Bangladesh against human pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis by disc diffusion method. Out of twenty six plant extracts eight crude plant extracts namely Allamanda cathartica (leaf), Allium sativum (bulb), Citrus limon (fruit), Tam arindus indica (fruit), Prunus domestica (Fruit), Averrhoa carambo la (fruit), Piper betle (leaf) and Terminalia arjuna (leaf) were found to exhibit potential antimicrobial properties against the isolated human clinical bacterial isolates whereas twelve plant extracts were failed to show any antibacterial activity against any of the isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa followed by ten plant species in case of Proteus mirabilis. The maximum antimicrobial activity was found up to 80% in Tam arindus indica in case of
Screening of local medicinal plant extracts against multi drugs resistance bacteria
Research Article, 2016
Multi Drugs Resistance (MDR) bacteria are mostly resistant to most of antibiotics, this leads to several severe infections and diseases. Thus the desire of new antibiotic sources are required which direct to the screening of new medicinal plants and use against MDR pathogenic bacteria. In our study, the antibacterial activity of three different plant extracts are utilized against pathogenic bacteria in-vitro to treat the infection and disease cause by pathogenic bacteria. The extracts were isolated from Mallotus philippensis, Silybum marianum and Stachys parviflora Benth in four different solvents extracts and were tested against eight pathogenic MDR bacterial strains (Brucella abortus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sakazakii, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Providencia stuartii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive) through well diffusion and disc diffusion. It was found that the extracts of selected plants showed maximum activity against all bacterial strains. The recorded zones of inhibition were 8.0-26.33mm for methanolic, 6.0-17.66mm for chloroform extracts and 8.01-2.33mm for ethyl acetate extracts. So, it is cleared from the results that the tested plant extracts have great potential as antibacterial compounds against bacteria. However, further research is required to isolate and identify the active ingredients vital for further pharmacological evaluation. Also screening of these plants for Anticancer and Anti-diabetic activity will be significant.
The outcome of in vitro interaction of standard antibiotics with ethanolic leaf extracts of three medicinal plants (Picralima nitida, Chromolaena odorata and Aspilia africana) against antibiotic resistant bacteria was investigated by agar disc diffusion methods and macrobroth dilution techniques. At least three isolates each of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa that were resistant to more than two of the following antibiotic discs were used: erythromycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. A subinhibitory concentration (1/4th MIC) of the plant extracts were combined with the antibiotics against the resistant bacteria isolates using both antibiotic disc diffusion technique and macrobroth dilution test. The extract of A. africana enhanced the activities of the test antibiotics (except erythromycin) against resistant E. coli, and also enhanced the activities of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and chloramphenicol against antibiotic resistant P. aeruginosa. It also enhanced the activities of tetracycline and norfloxacin against antibiotic resistant S. aureus. The extract of C. odorata greatly enhanced the activities of the antibiotics (except erythromycin) against the resistant P. aeruginosa and also potentiated the activities of chloramphenicol and tetracycline against resistant S. aureus. Although the extract of P. nitida potentiated few antibiotics such as tetracycline and chloramphenicol against resistant E. coli, the extract exhibited high levels of antagonism with ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin against almost all the test bacteria. These results suggest that extracts of C. odorata and A. africana could be good sources of multidrug resistance inhibitors, and indicate that indiscriminate co-administration of antibiotics with some herbal drugs such as those from P. nitida could be therapeutically wasteful. Their use in combination with conventional antibiotics should be further studied for in vivo activities. This may lead to the development of much needed drug enhancing preparations.
Bactericidal Activities of Some Common Herbs in India
Pharmaceutical Biology, 2007
The bactericidal activities of the aqueous and methanol extracts of the leaves of three plants used as popular medicine in India were studied. The dried leaf extracts of Vangueria spinosa B. (Rubiaceae), Cestrum nocturnum L. (Solanaceae), and Nyctanthes arbortristis L. (Oleaceae) were tested in vitro by the disk diffusion method against four bacterial strains, namely, Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 2940), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 441), Escherichia coli (MTCC 739), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 2453). Both the aqueous and the methanol extracts of V. spinosa showed the strongest activity, followed by C. nocturnum and N. arbortristis. The only exception was P. aeruginosa, which, in turn, was found to be resistant against the aqueous extract of N. arbortristis. Aqueous extracts of the leaves of all the plants appeared to have less antibacterial activity than the methanol extracts.