CSF and plasma cytokines at delivery and postpartum mood disturbances (original) (raw)
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Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory cytokines in perinatal depression
American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2018
While perinatal depression is one of the most common complications of pregnancy, there is an insufficient understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of disease. While an association between peripheral inflammatory cytokines and major depressive disorder has been demonstrated, cytokines cannot freely cross the blood brain barrier and thus they give little insight into alternations in brain function. As the brain is in direct communication with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), assessment of inflammation in the CSF may be more directly related to the biologic markers of affective change. Our objectives were to examine the association between perinatal depression and inflammatory cytokines in plasma, the association between perinatal depression and inflammatory cytokines in CSF, and the correlations between plasma and CSF inflammatory cytokines. This was a prospective observational study of women with a singleton gestation at term undergoing a scheduled cesarean. Women were screened f...
2019
Title: THE CYTOKINE PROFILE OF WOMEN WITH SEVERE ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION DURING PREGNANCY Authors: Philippe Leff (pleff@ymail.com) Ismael Mancilla-Herrera (mahi.25803@gmail.com) Monica Flores Ramos (flores_ramos@hotmail.com) Maria Saravia Takashima (freganda86@hotmail.com) Fausto Coronel-Cruz (coronel1019@hotmail.com) Carlos Cruz Fuentes (drcruzinprf@gmail.com) Amado Peres-Molina (cibernauta64@gmail.com) Joselin Hernández-Ruiz (hernandezjoselin@hotmail.com) Fidel Silva-Aguilera (fidelsilva_bqd@hotmail.com) Blanca Farfan-Labonne (inmunobioquimica@gmail.com) Daniela Chinchilla-Ochoa (danielachinchilla87@gmail.com) Saul Garza-Morales (drsaulgarza@gmail.com) Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo (camachoarroyo@gmail.com) Version: 1 Date: 22 Nov 2018 Author’s response to reviews: REWIEWER RESPONSES
The cytokine profile of women with severe anxiety and depression during pregnancy
BMC Psychiatry, 2019
Background: Controversial findings regarding the association between pro-inflammatory cytokines and depression have been reported in pregnant subjects. Scarce data about anxiety and its relationships with cytokines are available in pregnant women. To understand the association between anxiety and cytokines during pregnancy, we conducted the present study in women with or without depression. Methods: Women exhibiting severe depression (SD) and severe anxiety (SA) during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy (n = 139) and control subjects exhibiting neither depression nor anxiety (n = 40) were assessed through the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS). Serum cytokines were measured by a multiplex bead-based assay. Correlation tests were used to analyze the data and comparisons between groups were performed. A general linear model of analysis of variance was constructed using the group as a dependent variable, interleukin concentrations as independent variables, and HDRS/HARS scores and gestational weeks as covariables. Results: The highest levels of Th1-(IL-6, TNF-α, IL-2, IFN-γ), Th17-(IL-17A, IL-22), and Th2-(IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13) related cytokines were observed in women with SD + SA. The SA group showed higher concentrations of Th1-(IL-6, TNF-α, IL-2, IFN-γ) and Th2-(IL-4, and IL-10) related cytokines than the controls. Positive correlations were found between HDRS and IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α in the SA group (p < 0.03), and between HDRS and Th1-(IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α), Th2-(IL-9, IL-10, IL-13) and Th17-(IL-17A) cytokines (p < 0.05) in the SD + SA group. After controlling the correlation analysis by gestational weeks, the correlations that remained significant were: HDRS and IL-2, IL-6, IL-9, and IL-17A in the SD + SA group (p < 0.03). HARS scores correlated with IL-17A in the SA group and with IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-2 in the SD + SA group (p < 0.02). The linear model of analysis of variance showed that HDRS and HARS scores influenced cytokine concentrations; only IL-6 and TNF-α could be explained by the group. Conclusions: We found that the cytokine profiles differ when comparing pregnant subjects exhibiting SA with comorbid SD against those showing only SA without depression.
NIH Public Access Immune Changes and Dysphoric Moods across the Postpartum
Problem—Little is known about postpartum immune recovery and relationships of common dysphoric moods, stress, immunology and endocrinology. Method of Study—Healthy women (n=72) were followed for six postpartum months with immune and hormone measures and dysphoric moods and stress scales. A panel of cytokines produced in mitogen-stimulated whole blood assays were measured at each time, along with plasma levels of hsC-reactive protein (hsCRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and a panel of hormones. Results—Cellular immunity, measured by production of Interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and (Interleukin-2 (IL-2) from stimulated whole blood culture, was low in the early postpartum with changes by 3 months. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) showed a similar pattern. Plasma levels of C-reactive protein and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) showed higher levels in the early postpartum. Mood disturbance scores dropped across the postpartum with a change in slope at 3 months. No significant relationships were found between immune, endocrine, and psychosocial measures. Conclusions—Return to normal cellular immune function may take 3 to 4 months in the postpartum. Some aspects of early immunology (hsCRP and IL-6) probably reflect the latter stage of pregnancy, the stress of birth and the inflammation associated with involution. Dysphoric moods are higher in the early postpartum but are not related to immune factors or hormones.
The cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor network of prenatal depression
BackgroundNeuro-immune pathways are engaged in antenatal and postpartum depression. Aims: To determine if immune profiles influence the severity of prenatal depression above and beyond the effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACE), premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and current psychological stressors.MethodsUsing the Bio-Plex Pro human cytokine 27-plex test kit, we assayed M1 macrophage, T helper (Th)-1, Th-2, Th-17, growth factor, chemokine, T cell growth immune profiles as well as indicators of the immune inflammatory response system (IRS) and compensatory immunoregulatory system (CIRS) in 120 pregnant females in the early (<16 weeks) and late (> 24 weeks) pregnancy. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to assess severity of antenatal depression.ResultsCluster analyses showed that the combined effects of ACE, relationship dissatisfaction, unwanted pregnancy, PMS, and upregulated M1, Th-1, Th-2 and IRS immune profiles and the ensuing early depressive sympto...
Immune Function in Pregnant Women with Affective Disorders
Current Psychiatry Reviews, 2013
Perinatal depression is an emerging field with questions that remain to be answered, including the underlying pathogenesis, treatment and counseling. Pregnant women with depression represent a serious risk to themselves due to negative fetal/obstetrical and neonatal outcomes and to their child with respect to development later in life. The immune system plays a crucial role in major depression disorder (MDD), and studies indicate that both immune mediators (cytokines, chemokines) and neuroendocrine hormones cross-talk in MDD. However, the innate immune system is an unexplored field, and its link with prenatal depression has not been fully explored. The innate immune system is tightly regulated during early implantation and placentation of the conceptus, and such regulation is crucial for a successful pregnancy. T lymphocytes, which comprise helper T lymphocytes (Th), and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), have been shown to be abundant at the fetomaternal interface together with the recruitment of different subsets of immune cells [Natural Killer cells (NK), Dendritic cells (DCs), Macrophages (Mϕs)] during decidualization of the endometrium. Pregnancy is considered to be an inflammatory process in which a Th2 over a Th1 immune response is critical for allowing the development of the fetal allograft. Stressful stimuli and prenatal infections have been shown to deregulate the Th1/Th2 balance and are associated with increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and modification of neonatal immune responses via toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. The innate immune system could represent a new frontier in exploring the etiology of several mental disorders, as suggested for schizophrenia. However, it is not clear how the innate immune system cross-talks with the fetal brain during perinatal depression.
TheScientificWorldJournal, 2014
Stress and fatigue are common complaints of pregnant and postpartum women as is depression. These symptoms may be related to immunomodulation. However, few studies have examined these relationships. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships among stress, fatigue, depression, and cytokines as markers of immune modulation in prenatal and postpartum women. Women completed questionnaires and gave blood samples during late pregnancy and again at 4-6 weeks postpartum. Blood was analyzed for cytokines as measures of immune modulation. Stress, fatigue, and depression were experienced at moderately high levels, with higher levels of fatigue and depression in the postpartum but higher stress in the prenatal period. Levels of several cytokines were increased in the postpartum over the prenatal period. Stress and depression were related in the prenatal period and stress, depression, and fatigue were related in the postpartum. While various cytokines were related to each other in bo...
Immune activation in the early puerperium is related to postpartum anxiety and depressive symptoms
Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2000
The pathophysiology of the postpartum blues, common transient mood disorders in the first week postpartum, has remained elusive. Recently, however, it has been shown that depression and anxiety disorders are accompanied by activation of the inflammatory response system (IRS). This study was developed to determine whether the postnatal blues is associated with IRS activation. Serum concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), gp130 (the IL-6 signaling protein), IL-1R antagonist (IL-1RA) and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) were assayed in 22 nonpregnant women and in 91 pregnant women before delivery and 1 and 3 days after delivery. On each occasion the parturient women completed the State version of the Spielberger State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory (STAI) and the Zung Depression Rating Scale (ZDS). Serum IL-6, IL-1RA and LIFR were significantly higher in pregnant women at the end of term than in nonpregnant women. : S 0 3 0 6 -4 5 3 0 ( 0 0 0 4 3 -8 M. Maes et al. / Psychoneuroendocrinology 25 (2000) 121-137
Inflammatory markers in women with postpartum depressive symptoms
Journal of Neuroscience Research
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a devastating disorder that affects approximately one in ten women after giving birth (O'Hara & McCabe, 2013). It has also impacts on the whole family and has been associated with developmental deficits in the offspring (Stein et al., 2014). Despite the fact that there are several known risk factors for PPD, such as history of depression, other psychiatric disorders (Wesseloo et al., 2016), and preeclampsia (Bergink et al., 2015; Hoedjes et al., 2011), there are no biological markers available. The similarities between symptoms of depression and systematic symptoms of immune activation, the so-called "sickness behavior", as well as the increased risk of depression in immune-related diseases, have projected hypothesis on the involvement of the immune system in the pathophysiology of depression (Robinson & Klein, 2012). Increased activity of the serotonin precursor L-tryptophan metabolizing enzyme Indoleamnie-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase caused by cytokines (Heyes et al., 1992; Stone & Darlington, 2002) and the activated neurotoxic kynurenine metabolic pathway (Allison & Ditor, 2014) are examples that further strengthen these theories. The biological hypothesis of depression mainly focuses on neurotransmission, neuroplasticity and neurotoxicity, with multiple