A resource intensive traffic-aware scheme using energy-aware routing in cognitive radio networks (original) (raw)
IET Networks, 2014
Mobile networks community is witnessing an unprecedented demand for multimedia services with the immense popularity of Internet. Wireless connections are increasing day by day with the growing ability to interconnect computers through broadband connections and proportionately a new class of services based on multimedia data dissemination is also increasing. One of the major concerns of these applications is to deliver multimedia data within a time limitation and guarantee a bounded or minimum delay, whereas at the same time, the energy consumption of the wireless devices has to be minimized. This chapter takes into consideration the activity of the traffic, in order to impact the nodal scheduling policy and the associated activity slot durations of each node to conserve energy. More specifically, the chapter presents a resource intensive traffic-aware scheme, incorporated into an energy-efficient routing protocol that enables maximum energy conservation and efficient multimedia based data flow coordination, among 2 secondary communication nodes with heterogeneous radio spectrum availability in cognitive radio networks. Guaranteeing a predetermined or precise Quality of Service (QoS) level, through the expected access time or delay, bandwidth and the traffic pattern of the stream are perhaps the most salient features of such multimedia services provision. To this end, and in order to extract the best performance and energy efficiency for wireless devices, a scalable and efficient multimedia transmission scheme, which encompasses the traffic manipulation is needed. The proposed scheme associates the backward difference of the traffic moments of each node, according to a Fibonacci model, with the sleep-time duration, in order to tune the activity durations of a node for achieving optimal energy conservation and efficient multimedia streams provision over cognitive radio networks. Efficient routing protocol operation, as a matter of maximum energy conservation, maximum-possible routing paths establishments and minimum delays is obtained, by utilizing a signaling mechanism, developed based on a simulation scenario that includes secondary cognitive radio nodes, operating over television white spaces (TVWS).
Using Incoming Traffic for Energy-Efficient Routing in Cognitive Radio Networks
Journal of Information Technology Research, 2015
This paper proposes an energy-efficient routing scheme that is based on a resource intensive traffic-aware approach, enabling for the maximization of the energy conservation in cognitive radio networks. The proposed approach interrelates the moments of the backward difference traffic, together with the sleep-time duration, towards tuning the activity periods of the network nodes. The effective operation of the proposed scheme, in terms of minimum energy consumption, minimum delays and maximum number of the routing paths established, is achieved through the exploitation of a signaling mechanism. The validity of the proposed traffic-aware scheme is tested, through several simulation tests, by obtaining multiple performance evaluation results. The experimental results verified the proper operation of the proposed scheme to maximize the energy conservation, optimize the data exchange among the network nodes and minimize the routing delays.
Energy-aware routing protocol for cognitive radio ad hoc networks
Routing is one of the most important issues in multihop ad hoc networks. In the routing for mobile cognitive radio (CR) networks, the constraints on residual energy of each user and the requirements for primary user protection should be additionally taken into account. This study proposes a spectrum and energy-aware routing (SER) protocol for CR ad hoc networks, which is based on the dynamic source routing. To establish routes on-demand with reserved bandwidth, the protocol involves route selection and channel–timeslot allocation jointly. The proposed SER protocol can balance energy consumption, reduce routing overhead, eliminate contention between nodes and decompose traffics over different channels/timeslots. Extensive simulation shows that the proposed protocol achieves good performance in system throughput, network lifetime and mean message delay.
Optimized Traffic Management for Improving Energy Efficiency in Cognitive Network
International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 2019
The overhead of a particular node in the network depends on its position with respect to packet forwarding capability and total number of nodes in direct contact. In cognitive radio network, the primary user detection and spectrum sharing mechanism consist of two phases which constitutes the sensing mechanism as first phase and second phase of spectrum allocation along with finalization of end to end route of communication. The base idea of route establishment is derived from AODV protocol while proposing the traffic aware route establishment mechanism. The established route by using simple AODV has lots of limitations such as common router selection in multiple routes due to its direct being in range scenario.The proposed method shows significant improvement in energy efficiency due to reduction in overall overhead based on dual valued information exchange based route establishment mechanism. The results obtained thorough simulations show better improvement in the energy efficiency.
A New Spectrum and Energy Aware Routing Protocol in Cognitive Radio Sensor Network
IIUM Engineering Journal, 2018
Cognitive radio sensor network (CRSN) is a new generation of communication systems that wants to solve the overcrowded spectrum utilization of the unlicensed bands. It has combined sensor networks and cognitive radio technology, so it has the challenges of energy restriction of sensors and also dynamic spectrum access of the cognitive radio network. On the other hand, considering both of these challenges in the routing protocol plays a basic role in network performance and we can't apply the routing protocols that have been proposed for wireless sensor networks and cognitive radio networks, separately, in the CRSN. Therefore, this article has tried to provide a new spectrum and energy-aware routing protocol in which the source is able to choose the most stable route in the aspect of node residual energy or spectrum access probability. Not only can considering the nodal residual energy and spectrum access in the route discovery process avoid repetitive link failure, but it also can increase the network lifetime. This protocol has been compared with ESAC, SCR, ERP, and SER. The result of this comparison has shown that our protocol reduces end-to-end delay, control overhead, throughput, and lifetime in comparison to other protocols, especially in small-scale networks. ABSTRAK: Rangkaian sensor radio kognitif (CRSN) adalah generasi baru sistem telekomunikasi bagi menyelesaikan masalah kesesakan pada pemakaian band spektrum tidak berlesen. Ianya adalah kombinasi rangkaian sensor dan teknologi radio kognitif. Oleh itu, ia mempunyai cabaran sekatan tenaga pada sensor dan kemasukan spektrum secara dinamik pada rangkaian radio kognitif. Pada masa sama, dengan mengambil kira keduadua cabaran pada protokol rangkaian ini telah memainkan peranan asas pada prestasi rangkaian dan kami tidak boleh mengguna pakai protokol rangkaian yang telah diguna pakai pada rangkaian sensor tanpa wayar dan rangkaian radio kognitif secara asing dalam CRSN. Oleh itu, artikel ini cuba menyediakan spektrum baru dan pengawasan tenaga pada protokol rangkaian, di mana sumber boleh memilih laluan rangkaian yang stabil dengan mengambil kira pada aspek baki tenaga nod atau kebarangkalian akses spektrum. Selain itu, ianya dapat mengelakkan kegagalan laluan berulang juga menambahkan jangka hayat rangkaian. Protokol ini telah dibandingkan dengan ESAC, SCR, ERP dan SER. Perbandingan keputusan menunjukkan protokol ini mengurangkan kelewatan hujung-kehujung, mengawal kesesakan, mambaiki jumlah penghantaran dan menambah tempoh hayat berbanding protokol lain, khususnya pada rangkaian skala kecil.
Energy aware cluster based routing protocol over distributed cognitive radio sensor network
Computer Communications, 2018
Cognitive radio sensor network (CRSN) is a combination of wireless sensor network (WSN) and opportunistic spectrum access technology. It involves the issues related to energy and dynamic spectrum inherited by WSN and cognitive radio network (CRN) respectively. CRSN poses research challenges in designing an efficient topology control for communication in network. In this paper, we propose an Energy Aware Cluster based Routing Protocol (EACRP) for CRSN that jointly considers both the energy and dynamic spectrum challenges. Reported schemes for CRSN suffer from high frequency of re-clustering due to PU activities and are energy inefficient. The proposed scheme employs a self-organized distributed clustering to obtain less average node power by producing the optimal number of clusters. To mitigate the effect of PUs' activities, our proposed scheme forms clusters having more number of common channels and employs the concept of cooperative sensing in selecting the data channels for intra-cluster communication. To enhance inter-cluster connectivity, EACRP selects gateway nodes having more energy, closer to sink node and more number of common channels with neighboring nodes. Furthermore, a cluster-head (CH) rotation mechanism is employed that picks the CH based on nodes' residual energy values, available channels, neighbors and distance to the sink in order to have longer network lifetime. Upon detection of an event, the EACRP aims to route the event data through an energy efficient and stable path from source node to the sink node. On performance evaluation, we found that EACRP outperforms in terms of end-to-end packet delay, node energy consumption, packet delivery ratio and stability of selected gateway nodes than considered competitive approaches.
L2ER: Low-Latency and Energy-Based Routing Protocol for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks
Cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs) are active, self-organized, and dynamic networks, in which cognitive users can communicate with each other in an ad hoc fashion. Various delay and energy-based routing protocols have been proposed for CRAHNs. However, these protocols do not consider the delay and node energy in the routing process, which can significantly affect performance. Delay and node energy are important factors in ad hoc networks in which devices have limited power. In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol, named low-latency and energy-based routing (L2ER) protocol; it considers both delay and energy for the routing decisions in CRAHNs. The performances of the proposed protocol are evaluated comparing to two other protocols in terms of average throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, and network lifetime. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol performs better than the existing protocols in many aspects.
Power Conservation in Cognitive Radio Networks using Hybrid Routing Algorithms
Cognitive radios are used in number of networking areas such as spectrum sensing that is the most important application of networking. It is important to properly utilize spectrum so to stop the wastage of spectrum .in many applications cognitive radio networks co-exist with other cognitive radio networks, they use same spectrum without causing any interference. A number of methods are used for spectrum sensing which Non-cooperative spectrums are and sensing Cooperative spectrum sensing. In a single cognitive radio have a problem of interference; it's of the issues of shading from the primary user, a secondary primary user act as receiver able to hear both primary users and signal from cognitive radio network. In the proposed system we developed a protocol which is cognitive leach protocol to find the route in the Cognitive radio network by considering the energy of each primary user. Minimum distance is found in the proposed system with the help of C-Leach to save the energy spectrum in cognitive radio networks for primary users.
Achieving a Better Energy-Efficient Cognitive Radio Network
2016
Energy efficiency in cognitive radio networks has received lots of research attention lately due to the impact low energy efficiency has on the design, implementation and performance of the network. In this research, cognitive radio network as regards to energy efficiency has been analyzed. The importance of energy efficiency in cognitive radio networks and sources of unnecessary energy consumption in the network is also investigated. Ways in which higher energy efficiency in cognitive radio networks can be achieved is also addressed by employing suitable protocols, mechanisms and algorithm analyzed in the article. These measures can bring about low energy consumption amongst components in the network, improved sensing reliability and better energy efficiency which in turn enhances the overall
A Review on Improve Energy Efficiency in Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks by Selecting Secondary User
International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology, 2017
Wireless networks combining the advantages of both mobile ad-hoc networks and infrastructure wireless networks have been receiving increased attention due to their ultra-high performance. Users have capability to sense available spectrum in Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs).Users can opportunistically access to the spectrum. Paper proposed for energy consumption for CRNs, Which is higher in traditional Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Network (CRAHNs). Users mainly depend on spectrum access so the requirement of network architecture is user spectral. In the proposed network architecture, only parts of user's are equipped with Cognitive Radio (CR) module. Additionally user management done, a minimum number of users are selected to sense available spectrum, which aims at reducing the energy consumption further. The minimum number of users selection problem is formulated as a optimal routing algorithm problem under the constrains of energy efficiency and the real-time available spectrum information. Hence, a distributed optimal routing algorithm is proposed to calculate the optimal solution. The optimal routing algorithm in the proposed network architecture outperforms and traditional Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks in energy efficiency.