PHARMACOLOGY MCQs (original) (raw)
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BDS SECOND PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION 2007 PHARMACOLOGY AND DENTAL MATERIA MEDICA (MCQs) Model Paper
Reference: Lippincott's Pharmacology, 3 rd Ed. 01. The steady-state concentration of a drug can be double by: a. Doubling the both rate of infusion and concentration of drug. b. Doubling the rate of infusion only. c. Doubling the loading dose but maintaining the infusion rate. d. Tripling the rate of infusion. e. Duadrupling the rate of infusion. Key: b 02. Phase II reactions of a drug biotransformation: a. Decreases its water solubility. b. Includes activity of cytochrom P-450. c. Usually leads to inactivation of the drug. d. Does not include acetylation. e. Occur at the same rate in adults and the new born. Key: c 03. Half-life of a drug may be helpful to determine: a. Dosage schedule of the drug. b. Level of absorption. c. Distribution into different body systems. d. Rate of absorption through GIT. e. Time to get the steady state. Reference: Lippincott's Pharmacology, 3 rd Ed. 04. A 3 year old child has been admitted to emergency with suspicious of atropine overdose as there are: a. Abdominal cramps. b. Increased gastric secretion. c. Increased cardiac rate. d. Papillary constriction. e. Increased urinary frequency. Key: c 05. Epinephrine does not cause increase concentrations of: a. Glucose in blood. b. Lactate in blood. c. Free fatty acids in blood. d. cAMP in heart muscle. e. Triglycerides in fat cells. 06. A 50 year old patient is having propranolol due to his cardiac problems but his physician now wants to stop this drug; which of the following is the most important reason for this step? a. Familial tremor. b. Partial AV heart block. c. Mild hypertension. d. Angina pectoris. e. Supraventricular tachycardias.
Cardiac and intestinal contractions under the influence of triturated drug dilutions
Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 1999
Triturated dilutions of acetylcholine and adrenaline are found to produce reverse effects than their parent one on the mechanical performance of mammalian heart and intestine in vitro. However, there is a variation in the magnitude of reverse response observed for both the tissues. It is concluded that variation in the effect of triturated dilutions is probably due to handling and shaking of the diluted drug before use in experiments. In addition, no relation exists between degree of dilution and the magnitude of response for both the tissues.
Adrenergic Mechanisms for the Effects of Epinephrine on Glucose Production and Clearance in Man
Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1980
present studies were undertaken to assess the adrenergic mechanisms by which epinephrine stimulates glucose production and suppresses glucose clearance in man: epinephrine (50 ng/kg per min) was infused for 180 min alone and during either alpha (phentolamine) or beta (propranolol)-adrenergic blockade in normal subjects under conditions in which plasma insulin, glucagon, and glucose were maintained at comparable levels by infusion of somatostatin (100 ,ug/h), insulin (0.2 mU/kg per min), and variable amounts of glucose. In additional experiments, to control for the effects of the hyperglycemia caused by epinephrine, variable amounts of glucose without epinephrine were infused along with somatostatin and insulin to produce hyperglycemia comparable with that observed during infusion of epinephrine. This glucose infusion suppressed glucose production from basal rates of 1.8+0.1 to 0.0±0.1 mg/kg per min (P < 0.01), but did not alter glucose clearance. During infusion of epinephrine, glucose production increased transiently from a basal rate of 1.8+0.1 to a maximum of 3.0±0.2 mg/kg per min (P < 0.01) at min 30, and returned to near basal rates at min 180 (1.9±0.1 mg/kg per min). Glucose clearance decreased from a basal rate of 2.0±0.1 to 1.5±0.2 ml/kg per min at the end of the epinephrine infusion (P < 0.01). Infusion of phentolamine did not alter these effects ofepinephrine on glucose production and clearance. In contrast, infusion of propranolol completely prevented the suppression ofglucose clearance by epinephrine, and inhibited the stimulation of glucose production by epinephrine by 80±6% (P < 0.001). These results indicate that, under conditions Dr. Rizza is a recipient of a Clinical Investigator Award (AM 00648) from the National Institutes of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases.
Heart, lung & circulation, 2015
While epinephrine infusion is widely used in critical care for inotropic support, there is no direct method to detect the onset and measure the magnitude of this response. We hypothesised that surrogate measurements, such as heart rate and vascular tone, may indicate if the plasma and tissue concentrations of epinephrine and cAMP are in a range sufficient to increase myocardial contractility. Cardiovascular responses to epinephrine infusion (0.05-0.5mcgkg(-1)min(-1)) were measured in rats using arterial and left ventricular catheters. Epinephrine and cAMP levels were measured using ELISA techniques. The lowest dose of epinephrine infusion (0.05mcgkg(-1)min(-1)) did not raise plasma epinephrine levels and did not lead to cardiovascular response. Incremental increase in epinephrine infusion (0.1mcgkg(-1)min(-1)) elevated plasma but not myocardial epinephrine levels, providing vascular, but not cardiac effects. Further increase in the infusion rate (0.2mcgkg(-1)min(-1)) raised myocardi...
2 General Principles of Pharmacology
2003
1. Progress in Therapeutics 3 Robert E. Stitzel and Joseph J. McPhillips 2. Mechanisms of Drug Action 10 William W. Fleming 3. Drug Absorption and Distribution 20 Timothy S. Tracy 4. Metabolism and Excretion of Drugs •• Timothy S. Tracy 5. Pharmacokinetics •• Timothy S. Tracy 6. Drug Metabolism and Disposition in Pediatric and Gerontological Stages of Life •• Jeane McCarthy 7. Principles of Toxicology •• Mary E. Davis and Mark J. Reasor 8. Contemporary Bioethical Issues in Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Research •• Janet Fleetwood
Intranasal epinephrine in dogs: Pharmacokinetic and heart rate effects
2020
Epinephrine is the standard of care for the treatment of severe allergy and anaphylaxis. Epinephrine is most often administered through the intramuscular (IM) route via autoinjector. The current study aimed to evaluate an alternative method of epinephrine treatment through intranasal (IN) delivery in dogs. The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach maximum plasma concentration (Tmax), and area under the plasma concentration‐time curve from 0 to 90 minutes (AUC0–90) were observed after IN epinephrine (2, 3, 4, 5, 10, and 20 mg) and IM epinephrine via autoinjector (0.15 and 0.3 mg) for 90 minutes. Heart rate effects were measured after IN (2 and 5 mg) and IM (0.15 and 0.3 mg) epinephrine administration. IN epinephrine (5 mg) demonstrated significantly greater plasma epinephrine concentration at 1 minute as compared with IM epinephrine (0.3 mg) (1.68 ± 0.65 ng/mL vs 0.21 ± 0.08 ng/mL, P = .03). There were no significant differences in Cmax...
Systemic vascular effects of epinephrine administration in man
Journal of Surgical Research, 1987
Although the peripheral vascular effects of epinephrine have been characterized in animal models, similar studies have not been carried out in man. To determine the vascular effects of epinephrine the systemic circuit must be conceptually and surgically opened to allow for independent control of flow and pressure. This unique situation exists in man only while on total cardiopulmonary bypass with an external reservoir and pump interposed between the right atrium and the aorta. Under these conditions, peripheral vascular compliance, arteriolar and venous resistance, and the systemic time constant (a measure of the drainage characteristics of the vascular bed, in units of time) can be determined directly. Nine anesthetized patients undergoing normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass were studied before and during epinephrine infusion (5 &kg/mm) after the aorta was cross-clamped and the heart had been isolated from the rest of the peripheral circulation. At constant blood flow epinephrine infusion increased blood pressure and reservoir volume (effectively decreasing blood volume) by an average of 360 ml. Although systemic vascular compliance decreased (due to venoconstriction), resistance to venous return decreased. Analysis of transient blood volume changes after a step change in right atrial pressure at constant blood tlow revealed that blood was effectively draining from two vascular compartments with different time constants, as previously demonstrated in animal experiments. Epinephrine caused redistribution of blood flow away from the compartment with the longest time constant by constricting the arterioles leading to it. This accounts for the major increase in venous return and is almost entirely the mechanism of increased cardiac output in the normal individual after its administration, independent of its effects on the heart. In an attempt to localize the long and short time constant vascular compartments, three normal volunteers were studied. Thallium-201 whole body imaging at rest and after maximal treadmill exercise showed redistribution of blood tlow away from the mesenteric bed and towards the muscle compartments. Although two similar compartment models of the circulation have been suggested by others, to our knowledge this type of analysis has not been carried out in man. o 1987 AC&& press, Inc.
Electrophysiologic effects of epinephrine in humans
Journal of The American College of Cardiology, 1988
EF.2 = cpmrphnnc. ously have been demonstrated to result in physiologic elevations in the plasma cpinephrine concentration (6). To determine whether the etTects of epincphrine are influenced by the presence of heart disease, two groups of subjects were studied. one without and one with structural heart disease.