Habitat variables affecting nest predation rates at small ponds: a case study of the Little CrakePorzana parvaand Water RailRallus aquaticus (original) (raw)

Capsule Nest survival of Water Rail and Little Crake nesting at small, midfield ponds was determined by vegetation density and proximity to the shore, respectively. Aims To determine which habitat variables affect nest predation for two rallid species inhabiting small ponds. Methods Habitat variables describing nest location (water depth, distance to the shore and distance to open water) and nest concealment (density and height of vegetation) were measured for natural and artificial nests. All nests were monitored to determine their fate and to identify nest predators. We used generalized linear models to assess nest survival rates and to evaluate the influence of particular variables. Results Little Crake nest success was negatively correlated with distance to shore (the land-water edge). The survival of Water Rail nests and artificial nests was positively correlated with vegetation density. During three breeding seasons, predation rates on Little Crake nests varied from 22% to 58%, and on Water Rail nests from 36% to 91%. The main predator of natural and artificial nests was the Marsh Harrier (responsible for about 50% of natural and artificial nest failures). Conclusion High Marsh Harrier predation rates (attacks from the air) may explain why water depth did not affect the survival rate of natural and artificial nests and why nest concealment was a factor positively influencing the nest success of the Water Rail and artificial nests. Little Crakes nest successfully closer to the shore, where vegetation is usually denser. Terrestrial mammals could more easily access Water Rail nests, which were situated in shallower water than Little Crake nests, and this may have contributed to the higher rate of nest loss in this species. Predation is a major cause of nest failure in many different habitats and in various groups of birds (Ricklefs 1969, Nilsson 1984, Sargeant & Raveling 1992). In wetlands, water is a barrier which reduces the accessibility of many mammalian predators to birds' nests, and this fact may positively affect nest success (Robertson 1972, Picman 1988, Koons & Rotella 2003). On the other hand, wetlands are attractive for some semi-aquatic mammalian predators, such as the American Mink Neovison vison, which can significantly reduce the breeding populations of many waterbirds (Bonesi & Palazon 2007). Birds that nest in wetlands are also exposed to avian predation (Opermanis et al. 2001, Zduniak 2006), and in some regions to snake predation (Hoover 2006). Besides predation, waterbirds' nests are vulnerable to changes in water level, especially in tidal marshes, riverine systems, estuaries, landlocked lakes and midfield ponds (Gjerdrum et al. 2005, Rush et al. 2010). Consequently, water level affects food and nest site availability of waterbirds, the community structure of both waterbirds and their predators, and finally, the nest survival rates of many wetland bird species (Weller 1999, Fletcher & Koford 2004). Waterbird nest losses can vary among years from as much as 25% to over 90% (Sargeant & Raveling 1992). In aquatic habitats, there are many micro-habitat features that may influence the probability of nest survival. These are, first of all, the characteristics of hydrophyte vegetation, i.e. vegetation type, its height and density (