Multivariate analysis of risk factors for postpartum depression (original) (raw)
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TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, 2013
To determine the occurrences of depression experienced by women during the postpartum period and the risk factors that affect the development of this depression. Materials and methods: The study involved 330 women who had recently given birth in a hospital in 2007. The women were contacted 3 times in total: on postpartum day 1 (face to face) and in weeks 2 and 6 (by phone). The Edinburgh Scale of Postpartum Depression (EPDS) was used as the form for collecting data. According to the EPDS, women who have scored 13 points or above are sensitive to depression. Results: The EPDS scores of 16.7% of women on postpartum day 1 and 19.4% of women at postpartum weeks 2 and 6 were 13 points or above. It has been determined that the difference of the average of EPDS points is statistically significant according to the factors of educational status, age, desire for the pregnancy, and having difficulty in caring for the baby with the spouse (P < 0.05). Conclusion: It is important that nurses provide consultancy services for women about depression during postpartum period.
A preliminary study on identifying specific risk factors of post-partum depression
International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology
Background: Pregnancy and childbirth are important events in the life of a woman and also highly vulnerable period of various physiological and psychological illnesses. Several literatures propound that 22% young Indian mothers are showing depressive symptoms after delivery. The consequence of maternal depression is adverse both for mother and development of the child. Objective of this study was to examine the social and obstetric factors contributing post-partum depression.Methods: Women, 18-35 years of age, having four days to one-year postpartum period was taken from the tertiary care hospital settings. Terminal illness, still birth delivery and comorbid psychiatric illness was excluded. Screening and diagnosis of postpartum depression done based on international classification of diseases (ICD 10) using Edinburgh post-natal depression scale (EPDS). A comparative approach by the means of descriptive statistics was implied for data analysis where mothers with depressive symptoms ...
Predictors of postpartum depression
Journal of women's health (2002), 2014
To examine sociodemographic factors, pregnancy-associated psychosocial stress and depression, health risk behaviors, prepregnancy medical and psychiatric illness, pregnancy-related illnesses, and birth outcomes as risk factors for post-partum depression (PPD). A prospective cohort study screened women at 4 and 8 months of pregnancy and used hierarchical logistic regression analyses to examine predictors of PPD. The study sample include 1,423 pregnant women at a university-based high risk obstetrics clinic. A score of ≥10 on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) indicated clinically significant depressive symptoms. Compared with women without significant postpartum depressive symptoms, women with PPD were significantly younger (p<0.0001), more likely to be unemployed (p=0.04), had more pregnancy associated depressive symptoms (p<0.0001) and psychosocial stress (p<0.0001), were more likely to be smokers (p<0.0001), were more likely to be taking antidepressants (ADs) d...
Frequency and determinants of postpartum depression
The Professional Medical Journal, 2020
Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the frequency of postpartum depression in new mothers at a tertiary care hospital in Faisalabad and identify the factors associated with the condition. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Independent University Hospital, Faisalabad. Period: Over a period of three months from February 2018 to May 2018. Material & Methods: Included 213 subjects selected through nonprobability purposive sampling patients who had given birth in the last six months were included in the study. The Punjabi version of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to assess for depression. Socio-demographic and medical information was collected on a pre-designed proforma. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23. Chi square test was applied to ascertain association. Results: Out of the total 213 participants, 33.8% (n=72) of the study sample were suffering from postnatal depression. The socio-demographic profile ...
The Prediction of Depression in the Postpartum Period
are Senior Lecturers at the University of Queensland. ABSTR ACT Eight thousand five hundred and fifty-six women enrolled in the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy were surveyed to investigate the relationship between potential risk factors for depression and mood states in the postpartum period. Participants were followed from their first antenatal interview until 6 months postpartum. Level of depression was measured at the first interview using the Delusions Signs and Symptoms Inventory (DSSI) and again at 6 months postpartum. A second measure of depression, which was prototypical in nature and related to the maternity blues, was administered retrospectively to cover the 6 month period following parturition. the assessment of independent variables during pregnancy and/or the postpartum period included demographic data and several measures of: neonatal risk, stress and social adjustment. Having excluded from analysis, participants who were depressed at the initial interview a point prevalence for depression of 2.6% (measured by the DSSI) and a prevalence for severe and prolonged postpartum stress of 12.8% (using the prototype measure) was recorded. Data was analysed using categorical modelling techniques and multiple regression analysis. Linear models were constructed to predict, both, DSSI and prototype measures of depression. Predictor variables accounted for 17% of the variance in DSSI scores and only 7% in the prototype measure. Whilst stress and social support formed the core of both models, irrespective of the analysis used, neonatal risk variables were more strongly predictive of 'blues" related depression. Inconsistencies in results are discussed and the need to differentiate between postpartum depression and depression (unrelated to childbirth) occurring in the postpartum period is proposed. Implications for primary prevention are discussed. Recent evidence suggests that women face a greater risk of developing a psychiatric disorder during the postpartum period than has previously been thought. Further, the majority of these disorders have been categorised into three types of dysphoric mood state, namely, the maternity blues, postpartum depressive psychosis and postpartum (postnatal) depression (Hopkins, Marcus & Campbell, 1984.) The maternity blues have been described as a common transitory condition affecting between 50 and 80 percent of postpartum women (
Iranian journal of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, 2014
There are various attempts to confirm variables that could predict postpartum depression in advance. This study determined antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression in women at risk of developing this disorder. A prospective cohort study was conducted with 2279 eligible women who attended at Mazandaran province' primary health centers from 32-42 weeks of pregnancy to eighth postpartum weeks. The women were screened for symptoms of depression using the Iranian version of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. An Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score of > 12 indicated possible postpartum depression. Univariate and multiple logistic regression models were used for data analysis. A total of 2083women during 32-42 weeks of gestation participated in this study and were followed up to 8-week postpartum. Four hundred and three (19.4%) mothers yielded scores above the threshold of 12. Depression and general health state in pregnancy based on Edinburgh Postnatal Depression S...
Postpartum Depression: Prevalence and Contributing Risk Factors
… Klinikleri Journal of …, 2011
To determine the prevalence and to assess the contributing risk factors of postpartum depression in an urban population. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : A prospective study involving postpartum women was conducted at a tertiary medical center in order to determine the individuals with depressive symptomatology. Three different depression scales namely Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale were used. The scales were administered twice, in the first and sixth week after the delivery. Prevalance of postpartum depression and associated risk factors such as sociodemographic, psychological, and pregnancy-labour related parameters were evaluated. R Re es su ul lt ts s: : In 123 postpartum women, the prevalence of postpartum depression according to the results of three different depression scales was 9.8-30.1% in the first week, and was reduced to 6.5-16.3% at the postpartum sixth week. Eight (6.5%) women have exhibited postpartum depression according to the scores of all three scales at the same time during the second evaluation. Low family income, severe intrafamilial conflict and personal history of psychiatric treatment were related with depressive symptomatology, and these risk factors were detected among the women who scored positively according to the scores of all three scales at the postpartum sixth week (p= 0.007, p= 0.021, p= 0.024 respectively). C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: : Better understanding of risk factors leading to postpartum depression is mandatory for health care providers to recognize this significant psychiatric disorder at an early stage. Screening by using various scales should be encouraged for timely detection of vulnerable women.
A study on prevalence of post-partum depression and its associated risk factors
Telangana Journal of Psychiatry, 2020
Introduction: Postnatal depression (PND) is a common psychiatric disorder and is considered a serious public health issue. It is diagnosed in about 50% of the women during first year after delivery. Objective: To assess the prevalence of PND and study the associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in government Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital in Khammam, Telangana from September 2016 to March 2017. A total of 150 women after delivery were included in the study. A semi structured proforma for sociodemographic details and the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for screening for depressive symptoms were used to collect data from women between 1st and 8th postpartum weeks. Institutes ethics committee approval was taken and consent taken from study participants. Results: Prevalence of PND was 24%. PND showed significant association with primiparous women, husband's occupation, unplanned pregnancy and women who preferred male child but gave birth to a female child. Conclusion: PND screening should be an integral part of postnatal care, so that they are counseled early, thereby preventing future complications.
Effect of postpartum depression on women’s mental and physical health four years after childbirth
Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
Background: Postpartum depression has been shown to affect women's health in the long term but no studies have assessed this in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Aims: This study determined the prevalence of current depression and illness in women who had experienced postpartum depression four years after childbirth, and evaluated the factors associated with current depression. Methods: In a cohort study in 2009, 1801 pregnant women without depression at 32-42 weeks of pregnancy attending Mazandaran primary healthcare centres were examined for postpartum depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). After four years, 204 women of the original cohort with postpartum depression and 467 without postpartum depression were again evaluated using the EPDS, and other questionnaires to determine the prevalence of current depression and other health problems. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the factors associated with current depression and other health problems. Results: The mean age of the women was 30.13 (SD 5.21) years. Women with postpartum depression were two times more likely to experience depression four years after childbirth (OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.38-3.36). They were also significantly more likely to experience chronic diseases (OR = 2.49, 95% CI: 1.38-4.50) and score higher on the General Health Questionnaire (OR = 2.50, 95% CI: 1.38-4.50). Conclusions: Postpartum depression predisposes women to later depression and other mental and physical health problems. Women with postpartum depression need to be identified and provided with support and appropriate interventions to avoid later health problems.