Immunostimulating Effect of Levamisole on Spleen and Head-Kidney Leucocytes of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792) (original) (raw)
Related papers
I s p i r U . , M . E . Yo n a r : Effects of Levamisole on Phagocytic Activity of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.). Acta Vet. Brno 2007, 76: 493-497. In this study, activation of phagocytic cells was examined in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, W.) exposed to 1, 5 and 10 µg·ml -1 concentrations of levamisole solution. For this purpose, blood samples were taken from fish on days 1, 7 and 14 of exposure. Potential killing activity was determined by measuring oxidative radical production and phagocytic activity of neutrophils and superoxide anion production of phagocytic cells against Y. ruckeri. The activity of phagocytic cells in fish exposed to each of three concentrations was found higher than that in controls and the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Although no activation in oxidative radical production, phagocytes and bactericidal killing activity in fish exposed to 5 and 10 µg·ml -1 concentrations of levamisole solution was determined on day 7, it was observed that all indicators increased on day 14 of exposure. The present results suggest that the application of levamisole in fish farms could increase non-specific immunity and resistance to infection of fish and offer economics benefits.
The Effect of Levamisole on the Immune Response Fingerling Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)
Immunostimulants are the most valuable elements for the control of fish diseases in fish culture. Also, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is one of the most contributors to warm water fish culture and hatcheries throughout the world.So , this study was conducted to determine the effects of levamisole hydrochlorideas as an immunostimulator agent on daily bath at the doses 3, 5 and 10 mg/l for 15 minutes in fingerlings differential blood cell counts were examined in fingerlings on days 18 and 35.Statistical analyses of the parameters in blood showed significant differences in neutrophils at the doses of 5 and 10 mg/l on days 18, although this response peaked at the dose of 3 mg/l by the end of project. Similarly the numbers of monocyte at the dose of 3 mg/l was higher than the other experimental groups and control group at both time. The present results suggest that the introduction of levamisole of lower doses in longer time and the higher doses in short time could stimulate fish ...
The Effect of Levamisole on the Immune Response of Fingerling Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)
Immunostimulants are the most valuable elements for the control of fish diseases in fish culture. Also, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is one of the most contributors to warm water fish culture and hatcheries throughout the world.So , this study was conducted to determine the effects of levamisole hydrochlorideas as an immunostimulator agent on daily bath at the doses 3, 5 and 10 mg/l for 15 minutes in fingerlings differential blood cell counts were examined in fingerlings on days 18 and 35.Statistical analyses of the parameters in blood showed significant differences in neutrophils at the doses of 5 and 10 mg/l on days 18, although this response peaked at the dose of 3 mg/l by the end of project. Similarly the numbers of monocyte at the dose of 3 mg/l was higher than the other experimental groups and control group at both time. The present results suggest that the introduction of levamisole of lower doses in longer time and the higher doses in short time could stimulate fish immune response.
Fish cell cultures as in vitro models of pro-inflammatory responses elicited by immunostimulants
Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2012
We have tested the elicitation of innate defence-related responses in two stromal cell lines derived from the spleen (trout splenic stroma, TSS) and the pronephros (trout pronephric stroma-2, TPS-2) of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after they were exposed to different concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), levamisole, or polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly-I:C). For comparison, cultures of rainbow trout head kidney macrophages were also included in the study, and the effect of the immunostimulants on the phagocytic activity, the intracellular and extracellular reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production were assayed. Although the responses varied depending upon the concentration of the immunostimulants and the particular cell line, our results demonstrate that those activities were enhanced in the TSS and TPS-2 cell lines after exposure to any of the immunostimulants. These results indicate that the stromal cells of the main lympho-haemopoietic organs of O. mykiss develop innate defence responses, which are enhanced by well-known immunostimulants. In addition, such enhancement of the defence responses in the TSS and TPS-2 cell lines could be also elicited when they were exposed to conditioned supernatants from levamisole-or poly I:C-stimulated HK macrophage cultures, thus demonstrating that the haemopoietic stromal cells respond to macrophage-derived factors. Moreover, we demonstrate that the stromal cell lines constitutively expressed the Toll-like receptors TLR3, TLR5 and TLR9 genes. The results are discussed considering the role of the lympho-haemopoietic stromal cells in the innate immune responses, and the possibility of using histiotypic cell cultures of nonleucocyte cells of the haemopoietic organs to develop in vitro methods to select new immunostimulant candidates for aquaculture.
… and applied toxicology, 1991
The immune defense mechanisms of fish are not as well characterized as those of mammals but seem to be related and similarly competent. Because of this, there is an increased interest in the immune responses of fish as models for higher vertebrates in immunotoxicological studies. Prior to such studies, baseline criteria for specific components of the immune response needed to be established. For this study, we have examined trout macrophage morphology using light and scanning electron microscopy, phagocytic activity, random and stimulus-directed migration, and superoxide anion radical ('0;) production for resident and lipopolysacharide (LPS) or Aeromonas salmonicidae-elicited rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) peritoneal macrophages (M$). Following peritoneal lavage, >89% of the cells were MI$ as determined by differential counts and nonspecific esterase staining. Immunization with LPS and A. salmonicidae increased Mb number-5 and 13-fold, respectively, and overall size. Trout Mb were phagocytically active engulling serum opsonized latex particles and were mobile, migrating both randomly and in a directed fashion towards formyl-methionine-L-leucine-L-phenylalanine (FMLP) and trout serum-derived complement fragment C5a. Concentrations of FMLP (100 nM) and C5a (0.0 1-1%) effective for attracting trout MI$ are the same as those used to attract rabbit M@. Resident trout MI$ produced negligable quantities of-0; following stimulation with 1 rg/ ml phorbol myristate acetate; Aeromonas-elicited M$ produced '0; in a timedependent manner which peaked after 60 min at 2.9 nmol per 2 X lo5 cells and then declined. The results of this study provide a data base for future toxicological studies with trout peritoneal M4 and indicate the usefulness of this system for immunotoxicological studies. o 1991 kiety of Toxicology. Immune defense mechanisms of fish have not structural and functional characteristics imbeen as extensively studied as those of mam-portant in the humoral, cell-mediated, and mals but they appear to share a number of nonspecific aspects of the immune response
Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 2019
Cytokines are important regulators of the immune system, and identifying fish cytokines has potential applications for the development of vaccines and/or immunostimulants application in fisheries. In order to understand the immune-related genes triggered by immunostimulants derived from pathogens, we investigated the effects of agonists (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Poly I:C, and imiquimod) of three Toll-like receptor (TLR)—TLR4, TLR3, and TLR7, respectively—on the expression level of 10 cytokine genes—interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), CXC-chemokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10), type1 interferon (1INF), IFN-γ1, IFN-γ2, Mx protein, and interleukin-12 (IL-12p35 and IL-12 p40)—in the head kidney leukocytes of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.). All cytokine genes tested, except for type-1 IFN, were significantly up-regulated after LPS treatment. Poly I:C and imiquimod treatment resulted in striking up-regulation of most of the genes examined, particularly for the interfer...