Zinc as a Necessary Nutrient and its Effect on Plant Growth (original) (raw)

Influence Of Zinc Application In Plant Growth: An Overview

2020

Although zinc is considered as micronutrient it has a vital role in plant growth. Among all metals, the largest number of proteins required zinc for their catalytic function. Zinc-binding proteins make up nearly 10% of all protein in biological systems. Zinc plays a vital role in biological systems like structural integrity of membrane and contribution to protein synthesis also gene expression. According to FAO that zinc is considered as most commonly deficient in agriculture soils about 50%. Sometimes add more phosphorus may lead to the deficient of zinc in the soil for some reason. In plants zinc deficient can be noticed by the leaf chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, bronzing of leaves, resetting of leaves, stunting of plants, dwarf leaves, malformed leaves. Zinc deficient soil can as treat well in many ways and the most used method is the application of zinc-containing fertilizers. Zinc sulphate is a widely used fertilizer. If soils are untreated it may cause up to 40% yield lo...

THE IMPORTANCE OF ZINC IN PLANT GROWTH – A REVIEW

Zinc is plant micronutrient which is involved in many physiological functions its inadequate supply will reduce crop yields. Zinc deficiency is the most wide spread micronutrient deficiency problem, almost all crops and calcareous, sandy soils, peat soils, and soils with high phosphorus and silicon are expected to be deficient. The optimal rate of zinc foliar spray for achieving significant grain yield response was in the range from 1.0 to 1.5 kg Zn/ha. The potential damages that low-zinc bioavailability in soil can have for plants, humans, and animals. Zinc may also be incorporated as a component of proteins and other macromolecules. As a component of proteins, zinc acts as a functional, structural, or regulatory cofactor of a large number of enzymes.

Importance of micronutrients (Zinc) in crop production: A review

International Journal of Chemical Studies

Micro nutrients are designed to supply critically needed nutrients at the most responsive time during the growth cycle and to stimulate and optimize the assimilation and production process in the leaves. Micronutrients are the elements which are essential for the plant growth when roots are unable to absorb sufficient nutrients from soil due to high degree of fixation, losses from leaching, low soil temperature and lack of soil moisture. Zinc (Zn) is one of the eight essential micronutrients. It is needed by plants in small amounts, but yet crucial to plant development. In plants, zinc is a key constituent of many enzymes and proteins. It plays an important role in a wide range of processes, such as growth hormone production and internode elongation. Crop yield significantly increases with the use of micronutrients such as zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), boron (B), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), etc. Zinc (Zn) has an important metabolically role in plants growth and development and is therefore called an essential trace element or a micronutrient. Zinc is uptake and transfers the form of Zn 2+ in plants and is an essential nutrient that has particular physiological functions in all living systems, such as the maintenance of structural and functional integrity of biological membranes and facilitation of protein synthesis and gene expression, enzymes structure, energy production and Krebs cycle; also has a positive impact on crops yield; therefore crops quantitative and qualitative yield is strongly dependent on zinc (Zn) in the soil. Calcareous soils with high intake of phosphorus (P) and soils with high pH are confronted with zinc deficiency. Zinc is an active element in biochemical processes and there is chemical and biological interaction between it and some other elements such as phosphorus, iron and nitrogen in plants. Phosphorus and copper have an antagonistic impact on zinc. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has determined that zinc is the most commonly deficient micronutrient in agricultural soils; almost 50% of agricultural soils are Zn deficient. Plants growing on potentially zinc-deficient soils have reduced productivity and contain very low concentrations of zinc in the edible parts (such as in cereal grains). Therefore, zinc deficiency represents a serious nutritional and health problem in human populations, especially in the developing world where cereal-based foods are the dominating source of diet. Hence, the review.

Zinc in Soil Environment for Plant Health and Management Strategy

Universal Journal of Agricultural Research, 2018

Zinc is an essential element for photosynthesis and its deficiency may play a role in the reduction of activity of rubisco and hence decreased rate of photosynthesis in higher plants. Zinc deficiency sometimes resembles Fe/Mn deficiencies. Under severe zinc deficiency the shoot apices die ('die-back') as is widely distributed. Zinc toxicity leads to chlorosis in young leaves. Induced manganese deficiency might also be of importance as high zinc supply strongly decreases the manganese content of plants. Most preventing measures for zinc deficiency are selection of Zn efficient variety that is tolerant to high level of bicarbonate as well as low zinc in soil. Curative measure for correcting are application of 20-25 kg/ha ZnSo4 in acid soil, 22 kg Zn/ha initially followed by 5-10 kg Zn in the later years or 50% gypsum + 10 t GM + 22 kg Zn once in 2-3 years in sodic soils, 1.0-1.5 kg/ha Zn as foliar spray at tillering stage and 2 times latter is very helpful for correct this deficiency. Zinc is very tightly bound to phytic acid and the formation of protein-zinc-phytic acid complexes increases the resistance to hydrolysis that leads to decrease in bioavailability of Zn to human and animals. Enrichment of cereal grains with Zn through both genetic (e.g., breeding) and agronomic (e.g., application of Zn fertilizers) biofortification is a high priority area of research, and will contribute to minimizing Zn-deficiency-related health problems in human populations.

Zinc is a Neglected Element in the Life Cycle of Plants

Zinc (Zn) is deficient in most calcareous soils and consequently in plants, animals and human diets. Zn deficiency is common in agricultural products of most countries, where bread and rice are the main staple foods. Its deficiency are due to soil calcareousness, high pH, low organic matter, drought, high bicarbonates in irrigation water, overuse of P-fertilizers and the absence of Zn-fertilizers in farmers' conventional fertilizer practices. Its deficiency causes substantial yield losses in different crops. Zn is a component of the enzyme molecular structure besides being a co-factor in regulating the reactions of many enzymes. The first possible effect of Zn deficiency can be seen in reduced levels of cell RNA which in turn halts the protein synthesis, leading to the accumulation of free amino acids. In the past decade more than 2,500 experiments were carried out on different crops, vegetables and orchards throughout Iran. The results revealed that Zn-fertilizers resulted in increased yield as well as crop quality. The conventional notion that Zn-fertilizers increase crop yield by 10-20% is an understatement. In fact, in some cases, especially with non-efficient cultivars such as Durum wheat, it can increase grain yield about 50% and increase macronutrient use efficiencies. A positive and constructive step taken in Iran is the trend of increasing the application of Zn-fertilizers where, currently 30,000 tons of Zn-fertilizers are produced and used annually in the agricultural sector. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: Zinc (Zn), soil calcareous, bicarbonate, yield and quality of agricultural products Abbreviations: OM, organic matter; PA/Zn, phytic acid (C 6 H 18 O 24 P 6) /Zn molar ratio; Zn, zinc

A review of zinc nutrition and plant breeding

Journal of soil science and plant nutrition, 2013

Plants require the proper balance of zinc (Zn) for normal growth and optimum yield. Interest in Zn has risen in the last decade because Zn deficiency stress is extensive in many areas, causing decreases in crop yields. Zn deficiency also decreases the amount of Zn in cereal grain and diminishes its nutritional quality. Hence, increasing the Zn content of the edible portions of crops should be considered in plant breeding. Available data indicate that Zn enrichment traits are present within the genomes of crops that could allow for substantial increases in the Zn concentration of edible parts without negatively impacting yield. Increasing the amount of Zn in food crops can improve the Zn status of people. Furthermore, the use of Zn-dense seeds results in greater seedling vigor and increased crop yields when the seeds are sown in Zn-poor soils. Progress toward developing mineral-dense seed has mainly relied upon conventional plant breeding approaches, a process that is labor-intensive and time-consuming. Hence, the identification of DNA markers that are diagnostic of Zn efficiency can accelerate the development of cultivars that can remain productive even in Zn-deficient soils. Additionally, these markers may be used to begin identifying the specific genes responsible for differences in the response of genotypes to Zn deficiency.

The effect of Fe/Zn ratio on the evolution of latent zinc deficiency in crop plants

2011

Zn is one of the most important micronutrient in human body and in plants as well. The absence of zinc damages several physiological processes. As a result for the expected yield is not negligible. Almost half of the world’s cereal crops are deficient in Zn, leading to poor crop yield. In fact, one-third of the world's population is at risk of Zn deficiency in rates, ranging from 4% to 73% depending on the given country. Zn deficiency in agricultural soils is also a major global problem affecting both crop yield and quality. In this study, the effect of different Fe/Zn ratio on some physiological parameters of maize and cucumber seedlings were investigated such as volume of shoots and roots, number and distance of internodes and in one case the element contents.

The Nutrient Zinc in Soil and Plant: A Review

International Journal of Plant & Soil Science

Zinc is an element found in low amounts in the soil, which may limit the development of agricultural crops. In addition, the absorption of this nutrient by plants is directly influenced by several factors such as: high pH, ​​amount of organic matter, high humidity associated with low temperatures and soil microbiota. Zinc is important for enzymatic activity, being a constituent part of the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase, carbonic anhydrase, superoxide dismutase enzyme and polymer RNA, in addition to participating in the synthesis of precursor tryptophan in the metabolism of indoleacetic acid, which is a plant hormone directly related to the development of plants. In plants, the symptoms of zinc deficiency appear with the shortening of the internodes, reduction of the leaf area, reduction of its size, appearance of rosettes, chlorosis and necrosis. Thus, the objective of this review is to present the main aspects of the zinc nutrient in the soil and the functions performed in plants.

The ZN as a Vital Micronutrient in Plants

2021

Macro and micronutrients are vital for the growth and productivity of the plants. Zinc (Zn) is considered to be one of the essential micronutrients for the growth and development of cereals as well as fodder crops. It is also a regulatory cofactor for all those enzymes which are required for the synthesis of chlorophyll, proteins and carbohydrates. The functioning of these enzymes is affected significantly due to Zn deficiency and there will be a retarded growth and productivity of plants. Deficiency of Zn is a universal problem among cereal crops. The concentration of Zn varies from 6-1.2 mg/kg in various soils, whereas its concentration reaches 20-300 ppm in plants. Zn deficiency leads to chlorosis in the leaves of plants. Various reasons affect the availability of Zn in the plants, which include soil type, pH of the soil and availability of other nutrients that work antagonistically for the absorption of Zn. Zn applied as the fertilizer gets converted into unavailable form by mak...