Return Migrants in Western Africa: Characteristics and Labour Market Performance (original) (raw)
Related papers
2010
Does migrants' experience abroad provide an earnings premium for wage earners and/or a productivity advantage for entrepreneurs? In terms of earnings, we find that experience abroad results in a substantial wage premium for migrants returning from an OECD country but not for other return migrants. Past migration in an OECD country also results in a productive advantage for returnees who became entrepreneurs upon returning. However, the low share of return migrants in the population of WAEMU countries suggests that the effectiveness of return migration as a driver of development is only moderate.
Return Migrants’ Employment Trajectories
This chapter analyses and discusses the employment trajectories of the return migrants interviewed. The first two sections focus on the evolution of their occupational status and investigate how this correlates with their sectors of employment across the different stages of the migration cycle. A large majority of the migrants’ employment trajectories moved across eight employment sectors. An accurate analysis of the characteristics of the migrants employed in these sectors and their migration cycles enables us to identify different patterns of employment. These patterns differ mainly in terms of skills and the degree to which the migrants were able to use them across the migration cycle. How these factors correlate with type of migration cycle will be clarified in the third section. The results clearly show that complete migration cycles foster better professional reintegration.
Return Migration – Reasons, Consequences and Benefits
Annals of the University of Petrosani Economics, 2012
Return migration is probably the aspect of the migration cycle, which was granted the lowest attention, perhaps because most research resources are located in highly developed countries, while most of the returning most returnees return to developing countries.. This is especially unfortunate because perceptions about the process of returning to the country of origin and attitudes towards returning migrants have a significant impact on migrants and their host communities. Rollback, sometimes called remigration, is considered by some authors as the final stage of the migration process, which further comprises the step preparation / decision to migrate and actual migration phase or installation of migrant destination country selected.
8 Reintegration and future plans of return migrants
Taylor & Francis, 2020
Kerala has a long history of migration, and return migration always has a part of the migration process. Kerala has been the major sender of migrants to the Gulf region since the 1970s after the 'oil boom' in the Gulf region (Prakash, 1978; Zachariah and Rajan, 2004). Currently, 90 percent of Kerala's international migrants live in the Gulf region (Rajan and Zacha-riah, 2019). Before opening the door to the Gulf region, most Keralites had migrated towards the Indian metropolitan cities such as Bombay, Kolkata, Delhi and Madras, and there were some migrants from Kerala to Burma, Sri Lanka, Malaya and Singapore. The migration to the Gulf countries has resulted to an inflow of remittance to Kerala which eventually led to poverty reduction, a decrease in the unemployment rate, increases in health care facilities, and improvements in education and demographic indicators (Zachariah et al., 2001a, 2001b). Consequently, however, the flow of international migrants returning back to Kerala started during the mid-1980s, and increased during the 1990s from the Gulf region to Kerala due to the completion of construction and infrastructural works in the Gulf countries, as well as the intense demand of the local citizens for a more significant share of the employment market. Hence, many unskilled and semiskilled labourers were forced to depart from abroad (Shekhar, 1997; Zachariah et al., 2001a; 2001b). As per the Kerala Migration Survey conducted in 1998 (Zachariah et al., 2001a; 2001b), the stock of return migrants was more than seven lakhs in Kerala. In 2003, the number of return migrants rose to 8.9 lakhs (Zachariah and Rajan, 2004). In the global financial crisis period, the number of return migrants increased to 1.16 million, which slipped to 1.15 million in the post-global economic crisis period. During this period, the majority of returnees were from the UAE, followed by Saudi Arabia and Qatar (Zachariah and Rajan, 2010, 2011). However, after 2011, returnees increased to 1.3 million, and the largest number of return emigrants were from Saudi Arabia, followed by UAE and Oman (Zachariah and Rajan, 2012a; Prakash, 2013).
Return Migration Around the World: An Integrated Agenda for Future Research
Annual Review of Sociology, 2020
Currently, two distinct bodies of scholarship address the increased volume and diversity of global return migration since the mid-1990s. The economic sociology of return, which assumes that return is voluntary, investigates how time living and working abroad affects returnees’ labor market opportunities and the resulting implications for economic development. A second scholarship, the political sociology of return, recognizing the increasing role of both emigration and immigration states in controlling and managing migration, examines how state and institutional actors in countries of origin shape the reintegration experiences of deportees, rejected asylum seekers, and nonadmitted migrants forced home. We review these literatures independently, examining their research questions, methodologies, and findings, while also noting limitations and areas where additional research is needed. We then engage these literatures to provide an integrated path forward for researching and theorizin...
Return Migrant Status and Employment: Findings From Longitudinal Population Register Data
Return migration is very common an event and has therefore emerged as a critical element of many governments' migration policy. A comprehensive picture of return migrants' employment situation is still missing, however. The fundamental reason is that, in most countries there are no population registers that allow researchers to distinguish people who have lived abroad. This paper attempts to fill this gap of knowledge by using longitudinal population register data from Finland. We find that Finnish return migrants, both men and women, have odds of employment that are only about half those of non-migrants, even when factors such as age, education, mother tongue and place of residence are accounted for. Also within higher-educated people, return migrants are in a worse employment position than observably similar non-migrants. Employment opportunities tend to deteriorate with migration duration and improve with time subsequent to return migration. This suggests that there cou...
Comparative Report on Drivers of Temporary, Permanent and Circular Migration
This report presents some preliminary results on the incidence and drivers of return, temporary and circular migration among returnees surveyed in Argentina, Romania, Senegal and Ukraine, the origin countries selected by the TEMPER project. The deliverable summarizes the main issues in the conceptual discussion on return, temporary and circular migration based on previous research and statistical analyses, and presents and motivates the definitions adopted in the TEMPER Origin Surveys. Next, it discusses the low incidence of different types of complex trajectories, with a focus on circular migration following the definition adopted by UNECE (2016), and summarizes the obtained results concerning wish and expectations of re-migration, and reasons behind them. Finally, results on the incidence of temporary migration and its links with different types of return (short-term, long-term, voluntary, involuntary, etc.). are presented, to conclude with a short discussion on the main possibili...
Global labour markets, return, and onward migration
Canadian Journal of Economics-revue Canadienne D Economique, 2008
There is increasing evidence that international migration is characterized by frequent return and onward migration. This has important consequences for the contribution of immigrants to the economy of the host country. Lack of longitudinal data has prevented much analysis of how frequently international migration involves a sequence of location decisions or how long the typical migrant stays in a host country. A newly available longitudinal data set covering all immigrants to Canada since 1980 provides the opportunity to address these issues. The results show that a large fraction of male immigrants who are of working age, especially among skilled workers and entrepreneurs, are highly internationally mobile. JEL classification: J61, J11, J68