Study of virulence genes in vancomycin resistant Enterococci (vre) from animals and human clinical isolates - IJB (original) (raw)
Related papers
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2005
Europe are thought to have emerged partly due to the use of the glycopeptide avoparcin in animal husbandry. We compared the occurrence of VRE in geographical regions of Europe in which until 1997 large amounts of avoparcin were used (Spain, United Kingdom, and Denmark) with the occurrence of VRE in Sweden, where avoparcin was banned in 1986. We also studied the relatedness between VRE strains from different regions and habitats. In total, 2,580 samples were collected from humans, animals, and the environment (soil, sewage, recipient water). VRE resistant to 20 g/ml vancomycin were identified in 8.2% of the samples and were found most frequently in raw and treated urban sewage samples (means, 71% and 36% of the samples, respectively), pig manure (17%), and hospital sewage (16%). The proportions of VRE-positive sewage samples were similar in Sweden, Spain, and the United Kingdom, whereas pig feces and manure were more often positive in Spain than in Sweden (30% versus 1%). Most VRE were Enterococcus faecium carrying vanA, and computerized biochemical phenotyping of the isolates of different ecological origins showed a high degree of polyclonality. In conclusion, it seems that animal-associated VRE probably reflect the former use of avoparcin in animal production, whereas VRE in human-associated samples may be a result of antibiotic use in hospitals. Since there seems to be a reservoir of the resistance genes in all countries studied, precautions must be taken to limit the use of antibiotics and antibiotic-like feed additives.
International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2004
The susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant (VRE) and vancomycin-susceptible (VSE) enterococci to 10 antimicrobial agents was evaluated. The strains, belonging to different species, were isolated in Italy from raw meat products, farm animals, and human clinical infections in the years 1997 -2000. High frequency of resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin was observed in all the groups of strains. On the contrary, chloramphenicol was the only drug that showed a relatively low rate of resistance in all the groups examined. In general, the resistance rates observed for VSE did not differ from those observed for VRE of the same species and origin. Some differences could be noticed among the different enterococcal species, with Enterococcus faecium strains being usually more resistant to beta-lactams, and Enterococcus faecalis strains more resistant to gentamicin. However, the strongest differences were observed when the strains were compared according to their source, the human isolates being usually more resistant than the isolates of animal origin. No significant difference was observed between isolates of swine and poultry origin. Among VRE E. faecium, multiple resistance was much more frequent among the human strains (90%) than among poultry (48.9%) and swine (26.5%) strains. These results show that in Italy VRE isolates from human clinical infections are usually more resistant than isolates from meat products and farm animals, and possess different antimicrobial resistance profiles. D
Food Safety: Human Health Hazard from Antimicrobial‐Resistant Enterococci in Animals and Food
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2006
The use of antimicrobial agents in the modern farm industry has created a reservoir of resistant bacteria in food animals. Foods of animal origin are often contaminated with enterococci that are likely to contribute resistance genes, virulence factors, or other properties to enterococci IN humans. The potential hazard to human health from antimicrobial-resistant enterococci in animals is questioned by some scientists because of evidence of host specificity of enterococci. Similarly, the occurrences of specific nosocomial clones of enterococci in hospitals have lead to the misconception that antimicrobialresistant animal enterococci should be disregarded as a human health hazard. On the basis of review of the literature, we find that neither the results provided by molecular typing that classify enterococci as host-specific organisms nor the occurrence of specific nosocomial clones of enterococci provide reasons to change the current view that antimicrobial-resistantenterococci from animals pose a threat to human health. On the contrary, antimicrobial resistance genes appear to spread freely between enterococci from different reservoirs, irrespective of their apparent host association.
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2013
The aim of this study was to discover the potential role of the pig farm environment in the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterococcus strains, including high-risk clones, to animals and humans. Methods: Enterococcus isolates were recovered from a variety of samples (n¼ 82; swine, feed/medicines/antiseptics and pig farm facilities) from six Portuguese farms, most using antibiotics. Antimicrobial susceptibility/conjugation assays were performed by standard procedures, bacterial identification/screening of antibiotic resistance genes were performed by PCR and clonality was determined using PFGE/multilocus sequence typing. Results: Enterococcus isolates resistant to antibiotics (n¼ 473) were recovered from samples of different origin (swine, feed/antiseptics, animal residues and pig farm facilities), but only the clinically relevant species Enterococcus faecium (n¼ 171) and Enterococcus faecalis (n ¼78) were included for further comprehensive molecular analysis. Isolates resistant to vancomycin, ampicillin, tetracyclines, erythromycin and aminoglycosides were better recovered in Slanetz-Bartley medium with these antibiotics present than in media not supplemented with antibiotics (P,0.05). E. faecium was more frequently resistant to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin or nitrofurantoin and E. faecalis to tetracyclines, chloramphenicol or aminoglycosides (P, 0.05). Glycopeptide and erythromycin resistance rates were similar in both species. The transfer of resistance to several antibiotics, including vancomycin and ampicillin, was demonstrated. Clones associated with human infections were detected in different samples from the same farm [E. faecium from sequence type (ST) 78 lineage and E. faecalis ST16; manure, waste lagoons, faeces and drinking water] and in geographically distant farms [E. faecium clonal complex (CC) 5; E. faecalis CC21 and ST16]. Conclusions: The pig farm environment has an underestimated potential role in the transmission of MDR Enterococcus to animals and, possibly, to humans. The continuous contact of swine with MDR Enterococcus by different routes (e.g. feed, dust, air and rooms) might decrease the impact of restrictive antibiotic use policies and reinforces the need for different and preliminary interventions at the husbandry management level.
Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in animal originated foods
TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, 2013
A total of 270 animal-originated foods purchased from markets, including milk and dairy products, fresh and processed meat products, and poultry and poultry products, were analysed to determine the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). VRE were isolated from 12 out of 270 samples (4.4%): 6 (6%) from fresh meat and meat products and 6 (8.6%) from poultry and poultry products. VRE strains were identified as Enterococcus faecium (6 strains), E. avium (4 strains), E. durans (1 strain) and E. gallinarum (1 strain). Among these strains, 11 had high levels of vancomycin resistance (2 E. faecium strains had minimum inhibitory concentrations [MICs] equivalent to 64 µg/mL and the others had MICs of ≥256 µg/mL), while the remaining 1 E. faecium had intermediate levels of vancomycin resistance (MIC = 12 µg/mL). In addition to vancomycin, all of the VRE strains were also resistant to one or more antibiotics, including teicoplanin, ampicillin, penicillin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline.
The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2009
Introduction: Vancomycin resistant and multi-drug-resistant enterococci are the major emerging pathogens in surgical, neonatal, and tertiary care units. Methodology: In this study, 267 enterococci from different clinical and non-clinical samples of equine origin were tested for their antimicrobial drug sensitivity against 19 antimicrobials using disc diffusion method. Results: A total of 80.2% enterococci tested were resistant to vancomycin and 99.6% to multiple-drugs. There was a significant association between haemolytic potential and vancomycin resistance (χ2, 0.00). Enterococci isolates from healthy equids were significantly (χ2, 0.04) less resistant to vancomycin than the isolates from clinically sick animals. Besides vancomycin sensitivity, isolates were also tested for 18 more antimicrobial drugs; maximum numbers of isolates were sensitive to imipenem (75%) followed by tetracycline (60%), amoxicillin+clavulanic acid (54%), and minimum for cefdinir (4%). Conclusion: More than ...
Vancomycin- and erythromycin-resistant enterococci in a pig farm and its environment
Environmental Microbiology, 2006
A high prevalence of vancomycin-and erythromycinresistant enterococci (VRE and ERE respectively) in a pig farm and its environment was observed. A similar structure and composition of enterococcal populations was detected between urban sewage and those associated with the pig environment. Enterococcus faecium was the most predominant species among VRE isolates from both animal and human origin. The high population similarity index (Sp) obtained comparing VRE and ERE isolates from urban sewage and pig slurry suggests that there are certain strains circulating through the food chain from farms to humans. Erythromycin resistance was present in a wider variety of clones and species of enterococci in both pigs and humans than vancomycin resistance.
The influence of antibiotic use on the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci
Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 2006
Background: Several studies have documented the influence of antibiotic selective pressure, mainly from the use of glycopeptides, third-generation cephalosporins, quinolones and lincosamides, on the frequency of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) occurrence in hospitals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between VRE occurrence and antibiotic use in the Department of Hemato-Oncology of the Teaching Hospital in Olomouc (DHO), Czech Republic, over a 6-year period under standard and unchanged hygienic and epidemiological conditions. Methods: During the period of 1998-2003, Enterococcus sp. strains and VRE were isolated by standard methods from clinical samples taken from DHO in-patients. The frequency of VRE occurrence was expressed as the number of isolated strains per 100 bed-days/year. DHO antibiotic consumption data were processed according to the anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC)/ defined daily dose (DDD) system valid in 2003 and expressed in defined daily dose per 100 beddays (DDD/100 bed-days) for each year of the period. Results: Since 1998, the occurrence of VRE decreased significantly (from 0AE28 to 0AE17 VRE/100 bed-days in 2001). Between 2001 and 2003, a significant (P < 0AE05) increase from 0AE17 to 0AE38 was observed. The antibiotic use decreased from 205AE2 in 1998 to 161AE0 DDD/100 bed-days in 1999 and after an increase in 2001 (to 181AE8 DDD/100 beddays) it remained relatively stable. A significant decrease was observed in third-generation cephalosporins and quinolones (from 29AE5 to 9AE7 and from 42AE2 to 30AE2 DDD/100 bed-days respectively) between , the use of third-generation cephalosporins and glycopeptides increased substantially (from 10AE1 to 13AE9 and from 11AE3 to 15AE2 DDD/100 bed-days respectively). The Pearson correlation value was significantly positive (P < 0AE05) for VRE occurrence and the use of glycopeptides and thirdgeneration cephalosporins. Conclusions: While our study confirms the effect of use of glycopeptides and third-generation cephalosporins on occurrence of VRE, no influence of quinolones and lincosamides over the 6-year period was shown.
Microorganisms
Food-producing animals may be a reservoir of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), potentially posing a threat to animal and public health. The aims of this study were to estimate the faecal carriage of VRE among healthy cattle (n = 362), pigs (n = 350), sheep (n = 218), and poultry (n = 102 flocks) in Switzerland, and to characterise phenotypic and genotypic traits of the isolates. VRE were isolated from caecum content of six bovine, and 12 porcine samples respectively, and from pooled faecal matter collected from 16 poultry flock samples. All isolates harboured vanA. Three different types of Tn1546-like elements carrying the vanA operon were identified. Conjugal transfer of vanA to human Enterococcus faecalis strain JH2-2 was observed for porcine isolates only. Resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin was frequent among the isolates. Our data show that VRE harbouring vanA are present in healthy food-producing animals. The vanA gene from porcine isolates was transferable to ot...