Oral health status of children and adults in urban and rural areas of Burkina Faso, Africa (original) (raw)
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Oral Hygiene Practices and Caries Prevalence among 9-15 Years Old Ghanaian School Children
Journal of Nutrition and Health Sciences, 2015
Introduction: Good oral hygiene protects against oral diseases such as caries and gum infections. Twice daily tooth brushing with fluoride pastes and flossing are recommended to keep mouth clean and reduce plaque bacterial growth. Poor access to oral cleaning material and dental care services expose children from poor backgrounds to oral diseases. Objectives: The study assessed oral hygiene practices and caries prevalence among school children. Dental caries and gum disease are the commonest oral diseases in children [1] and may be associated with severe pain [2-4]. The pain may interfere with food intake and affect the normal growth of the child [1,5]. Globally prevalence of dental caries are declining but the factors that predispose children to caries still persist [6]. These factors include high snacking habits and bad oral hygiene practices [7]. Studies have indicated that socioeconomic factors are associated with caries prevalence in both adults and children [4,8,9]. Dental caries was shown to be most prevalent in school children from poorer families. These Children also, had greater number of untreated oral lesions [10,11]. Dental Caries is an infectious disease caused by the acid produced by the fermentation of simple sugars by oral bacteria, chief of which are streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus species [12,13]. Although sugars are provided by the type of diet consumed especially in our snacks, its effect on caries shows only when it is accompanied by poor oral hygiene practices and resultant poor oral hygiene status [14,15]. Oral cleanliness is therefore a basic factor for good oral health especially in children. Poor oral hygiene leads to dental plaque formation [16,17]. Dental plaque, the soft adherent materials deposited on the tooth surface may consist of bacteria, desquamated epithelial cells and migrated polymorphonuclear leukocytes [18]. A study in suburban school children in Accra reported plaque accumulation of 90% in 5-6 year olds but 54% in 9 year olds. [19]. Poor oral hygiene therefore allows the bacteria in the plaque to thrive and then ferment sugars in foods to produce acid that leads to dental caries. Methods: A cross-section of 9-15 year old school children (n=1,040) were randomly selected from private and public schools in Accra, Ghana. Oral hygiene and snacking habits were assessed by interview using structured questionnaire. Oral cleanliness and dental caries were assessed by oral examination by two calibrated dental surgeons. Silness and LÖe Plaque Index (PI) and Decay, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) score were used to determine oral hygiene and caries status respectively. Results: Mean age of sample was 12.01±1.52 years. Overall caries prevalence was 17.4% but (19.9%) in the public and (15.1%) in the private schools. It was higher in the females (19.3%) than the males (15.1%) in both private and public schools. Almost all (96.6%) brushed once a day. About 60.0% had plaque and 64.4% had supra gingival calculus. Overall mean DMFT score was 1.138±0.476. Types of snacks taken in a day and weekly frequency of snacks were significantly higher in the private schools than in the public school children. Overall, oral hygiene status was acceptable in the children. Lack of good oral hygiene therefore becomes the single most important factor in determining the risk of caries especially in children. Frequent snacking on sugar foods such as soft drinks, candies, fruit drinks and high sugar fruits may increase the risk of caries in children [20,21]. Simple mouth cleaning practices can easily clear this sugar substrates and remove oral plaque, and reduce the incidence of the dental caries. Caries will occur when plaque pH levels drop below 5.5 due to increased acid production in the dental plaque from the fermentation of sugars in the foods consumed [22]. Conclusion: Oral hygiene practices and status were comparable in the private and public school. Snacking frequency was high in both groups but did not account for the differences in caries prevalence observed.
European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, 2018
Aim This was to determine dental caries determinants in the study participants. Methodology This was a secondary data study extracted from primary data through a school-based study that recruited students from primary and secondary schools in a suburban population in Nigeria. The variables included age, gender, socioeconomic status, oral hygiene status, type of parenting, birth rank, family size and presence of dental caries. The diagnosis of dental caries was based on the World Health Oral Health Survey recommendations while oral hygiene was determined using simplified-oral hygiene index (OHI-S). Data was analysed using STATA version 13, statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results The prevalence of dental caries for the study population was 12.2%, DMFT and dmft were 0.16 and 0.06 respectively. Children within age groups 11-13 and 14-16 years had reduced chances of having dental caries (P = 0.01; P = 0.01); children with fair oral hygiene and poor oral hygiene had increased odds of having dental caries (P ≤ 0.001; P ≤ 0.001), last child of the family also had increased odds of having dental caries while children from large family size had reduced odds of having dental caries. This study also showed that first permanent molars and second primary molars were mostly affected by dental caries but there was no significant difference between distribution of the maxillary or mandibular jaw or between right and left quadrants. Conclusion Age, oral hygiene, birth rank and family size were the significant determinants of dental caries in the study population and the teeth mostly affected were first permanent molars and second primary molars.
PREDICTORS OF DENTAL CARIES AMONG ADULTS AND ADOLESCENTS IN A DENTAL CLINIC IN NORTH-EASTERN NIGERIA
International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, 2019
Background: Dental caries constitute a public health burden globally. They occur when the balance between their protective factors and risk factors is disturbed. The aim of the study was to determine the predictors of dental caries among adults and adolescents in a dental clinic in north-eastern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A case-control study design was used, with cases drawn from the dental clinic, and controls from the general out-patient unit of the same hospital. Systematic random sampling was used to select both cases and controls. Those selected from the dental clinic underwent a thorough oral examination, using the specific caries index and were included into the study if they had any of a decayed, missing, or filled tooth. Those selected from the out-patient clinic were examined in a similar manner, and were included into the study as controls, once they did not have a decayed, missing, or filled tooth. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics and oral care habits. Chi-square test was used to compare the socio-demographic characteristics of the groups and to test the association between dental caries and oral care habits. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the predictors of dental caries. Result: A total of 124 respondents were recruited into this study, comprising of 59 respondents with dental caries (cases), and 65 without dental caries (controls). Their ages ranged from 15 to 63 years. Daily teeth cleaning (OR=0.33, 95% CI: 0.11-0.97; p=0.044), and teeth cleaning after every meal (OR=0.28, 95% CI: 0.10-0.78; p=0.015), were associated with lower odds of having dental caries. Tooth ache was the major reason for visiting the dentist, among both cases (78.6%) and controls (68.6%). Conclusion: The study emphasizes the very important role of oral hygiene in preventing dental caries. The study also suggests that with very frequent teeth cleaning, refined sugars may not pose additional risks of developing dental caries.
BMC Oral Health, 2022
Background There is little is known about the factors associated with caries experience and gingivitis among 6-11-year-old children in Nigeria. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and preventive oral health behaviors associated with caries and gingivitis among 6-11-year-old children in Nigeria. Methods A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The dependent variables were caries and gingivitis. The dmft/DMFT index was used to assess dental caries experience (present or absent) and caries severity. The gingival index was used to assess the prevalence (present or absent) and severity of gingivitis (healthy gingiva/mild gingivitis versus moderate/severe gingivitis). The independent variables were preventive oral health behaviors (frequency of daily tooth brushing, frequency of consumption of refined carbohydrates in-between-meals, use of fluoridated toothpaste, and use of dental floss, history of dental service utilization). A series of logistic regression analysis models were constructed to determine the associations between the dependent and independent variables after adjusting for confounders (age, sex, and socioeconomic status). Results There were 69 (5.2%) children with caries. The mean (standard deviation) dmft was 0.08 (0.457) and the mean DMFT was 0.02 (0.159). There were 839 (63.3%) children with gingivitis with a mean (SD) gingival index score of 0.503 (0.453). Children who seldom or never used fluoride toothpaste had significantly higher odds of developing moderate to severe gingivitis (AOR; 1.671; 95% CI: 1.003-2.786; p = 0.049). Children with middle socioeconomic status had significantly lower odds of developing moderate to severe gingivitis (AOR: 0.573; 95%CI: 0.330-0.994; p = 0.048). There were no risk indicators identified for caries. Conclusion The prevalence of dental caries was low while the prevalence of gingivitis was high in the study population. The daily used of fluoridated toothpaste seem to reduce the risk for moderate/severe gingivitis. Further studies are needed to understand these findings.
BMC Oral Health, 2018
Background: Dental caries is the most common dental health problem caused by the interaction of bacteria on tooth enamel. Risk factors for dental caries include salivary composition and inadequate fluoride. However, other factors, such as standard of living, behavior, hygiene, eating habits, social status and socio-demographic factors, also contribute to the evolution of caries. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of dental caries and associated factors among patients attending the dental clinic in Debre Tabor General Hospital in North West Ethiopia. Method: An institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among 280 systematically selected patients attending Debre Tabor General Hospital dental clinic from May 8-20, 2017. The data were collected using pre-tested questionnaire and oral examination by a qualified dental professional. Basic hygienic procedures were observed during an oral examination. The teeth were examined for dental caries by the presence of decay, missing and filled teeth. The data were entered into Epi-Info version 3.5 and cleaned and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive summary of the data and logistic regression were used to identify possible predictors using odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and P-value of 0.05. Results: A total of 280 subjects participated in the study; among whom 129 (46.1%) were female and nearly two-thirds of the respondents 208 (74.3%) attended formal education. The study revealed k8that the overall prevalence of dental caries was 78.2%. Dental caries was lower among respondents who had good oral hygiene status (AOR = 0.05, 95% CI, 0.02, 0.81). Dental caries was higher among participants who earned less than 5000 Eth Birr per month (AOR = 8.43, 95% CI, 2.6, 27.2). Dental caries was lower among respondents who had good knowledge (AOR = 0.51, 95% CI, 0.03, 0.64). Conclusions: Prevalence of dental caries was high and found public health problem. Socioeconomic status, educational level, and poor oral hygiene practices were associated factors for dental caries. Health promotion about oral hygiene and integration of services are supremely important for the prevention of the problem of dental caries.
Tanzania Dental Journal, 2007
Aim: To study Oral health behavior and prevalence of dental caries, among 12-year-old pupils in Dares -Salaam, Tanzania. Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional study that involved 310 pupils of 12-year-old (males-43.5% and females-56.5%). Oral health related behavior and knowledge on causes and prevention of dental caries were investigated using a structured questionnaire. Caries experience was assessed using WHO methods. Results: Tooth brushing at least once/day was reported by 92.1% of the children and 71.9 % used toothpaste. Children reported to consume sugary snacks/drinks more often at home (64.5%) than in school (35.5%). Most of the pupils (76.1%) had never visited a dentist. Most children (71.9%) indicated sugary snacks as the main cause of dental caries, and for prevention, they recommended avoiding sweets/sugary foods (53.5%), and tooth brushing (40.3%). The mean Decay-Missing-Filled-Teeth (DMFT) was 0.76 ± 1.17 (SD), was significantly higher among girls (0.84) than boys (0.64), (P = 0.02). A total of 58.4% of the participants were caries free. Higher caries experience was related to lower brushing frequency, irregular use of toothpaste and high frequency of sugary snack consumption (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of dental caries among 12-year-olds was lower than the WHO global goal, knowledge on the causes and prevention of dental caries were reasonably good, and consumption of sugary food stuffs was done more at home than in schools. Most of the children had never visited a dentist.
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Dental Caries Among Children at Gondar Town Northwest Ethiopia
2011
Dental caries is a disease with multifactorial causes. The prevalence and incidence of dental caries in a population is influenced by a number of risk factor such as sex, age, socioeconomic status, dietary patterns and oral hygiene habits. Thus the present study was designed to assess the prevalence of dental caries among children aged 7-14years in Gondar town. Objective: the objective of this research was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of dental caries among Gondar town 7-14years age of children. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gondar town from June 2011 to September 2011 by using a pretested and structured questionnaire. After approval of the ethics committee, the parents were interviewed and children were clinically examined by using the same criteria established by world health organization. Multistage systematic sampling was used to select a total of 842 study subjects among 12 kebeles administrations of Gondar town dwellers. Data were entered and analyzed by using EPI info version 3.5.1 and SPSS 16.0 software. Binary and multiple logistic regression were (p≤0.05) applied for statistical analysis of data. Results: Among the study subjects 463(55%) and 379(45%) were females and males respectively. The prevalence of dental caries was found to be 306(36.3%). The educational status of father (AOR=0.369(0.170, 0.803), monthly household income(AOR=0.0.59(0.008,0.447), tooth brushing(AOR=0.07790.030,0.201) and mouth rinsing(AOR=0.399(0.198,0.804) were found statistically significant. Consumption of sweet food/drink(AOR=1.914(0.908,3.626) was not significant. Conclusions: A high prevalence of dental caries was observed in the present study. This prevalence of was associated with lower socioeconomic status, and poor oral hygiene practices. Caries prevention strategies on this population should include instructions of parents and community leaders about oral hygiene, dietary habits, and access to dental care services.
Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada, 2020
To determine the prevalence and socio-behavioural risk factors for dental caries among children at selected LGAs in Lagos State. Material and Methods: This was a descriptive study of 592 school children in four Local Government Areas of Lagos, Nigeria. The presence of caries was recorded using the World Health Organization criteria. Descriptive statistics were reported for analysis of comparative DMFT and SiC scores in relation to age, gender, and other socio-demographic variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the differential impact of the variables on the probability of being in the high caries prevalence group. Results: The prevalence of dental caries was 16.0% with mean dmft for age 6 being 1.3 ± 1.57 while the mean DMFT for age 12 was 0.15 ± 0.67. The mean Sic for age 6 was 1.5 ± 0.53 while the mean SiC for age 12 was 1.09 ± 0.29. The mean SiC values was significantly higher in the primary and permanent dentition among those who had never visited the dentist, female students, those who don't use fluoridated toothpaste and those who eat sweets and candy several times a day. After logistic regression analysis, those with no previous dental visit (OR=3.05; CI: 1.72-4.67) and females (OR=1.55; CI: 1.16-1.62) still had significantly higher SiC Values. Conclusion: The prevalence of caries was low in the study population. Being female, non-use of fluoride-containing toothpaste and not visiting the dentist were significant predictors of dental caries among children attending private schools.
AIMS: To determine the association between use of recommended oral self-care (ROSC) caries prevention tools and presence of dental caries in children resident in suburban Nigeria. METHODOLOGY: Secondary analysis was conducted for a dataset generated for 1-12 years old children recruited through a household survey. Information on use of ROSC caries prevention tools (brushing more than once a day, use of fluoridated toothpaste always, and eating sugary snacks between main meals less than once a day), use of oral health adjuncts (dental floss, mouth rinses, other tooth cleansing agents) and presence of caries were extracted. The odds of having caries when ROSC caries prevention tools were used singly or in combination, were determined using multivariate logistic regression adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS: The single or combined use of ROSC caries prevention tools had no statistically significant association with presence of caries. Brushing more than once a day reduced the odds of having caries while consumption of sugar between meals once a day or more increased the odds of having caries after adjusting for age and gender. The use of two ROSC caries prevention tools reduced the risk for caries (AOR 0.28; 95 % CI 0.05-1.53) when adjusted for age. The converse was observed when adjusted for gender (AOR 1.15; 95 % CI 0.38-3.45). The largest effect size was observed when sugary snacks were taken once a day or more between meals after adjusting for age (AOR 5.74; 95 % CI 0.34-96.11). CONCLUSION: The use of a combination of fluoridated toothpaste and twice-daily tooth brushing had the largest effect on reducing the chance for caries in children resident in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.