Swine Erysipelas; It’s Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Control and Preventive Measures, Comprehensive Review (original) (raw)
Related papers
2021
Erysipelas is an infectious disease seen mainly in growing pigs and characterized clinically by fever, arthritis, skin lesions and sudden death. The disease may be acute, subacute, or chronic. Swine erysipelas is a disease caused by a specific micro organ Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae which is a zoonotic ubiquitous gram-positive bacterium that causes erysipelas in swine, mammals, birds and erysipeloid in humans. People in contact with animals, animal products or animal wastes are at greatest risk. The acute form of swine erysipelas may have been confused for other diseases in pigs which are characterized by acute symptoms such as sudden death (for example, African swine fever). It can be diagnosed by its clinical signs, necropsy findings, bacteriology, and anti-microbial response, molecular and serological examinations. It is recommended to increase awareness of the disease among animal and human practitioners as treatment is easy and available and vaccination is possible. However, t...
Comparative Clinical Pathology, 2018
Due to the recent multidisciplinary collaborations towards 'One Health', it was necessary to review this important zoonotic disease, erysipelas. Swine erysipelas also referred to as diamond skin disease has since become one of the most serious hazards of swine production worldwide. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, the aetiology of erysipelas could affect pigs, turkeys, sheep, chickens, ducks, and emus. The most important animal reservoir of E. rhusiopathiae is the domestic swine. The organism is shed by diseased animals in faeces, urine, saliva, and nasal secretions, which can contaminate food, water, and soil. Swine erysipelas is made up of the hyperacute form, the septicaemia, and cutaneous (diamond) forms (acute), and the chronic form, characterised in pigs by joint lesions (arthritis), vegetative endocarditis, alopecia, and dermatitis. These signs are accompanied by poor fertility, increased prevalence of abortions, stillbirths, and small litter size. Reports of human cases are related to occupational exposure placing fishermen, butchers, slaughterhouse workers, veterinarians, housewives, poultry industry workers, and other agricultural based workers at higher risk. Diagnosis of erysipelas is based on clinical signs, gross lesions, response to antimicrobial therapy, and demonstration of the bacterium using bacterial culturing, mouse protection test, microscopy and mass spectrometry or demonstration of bacterial DNA in tissues from affected animals using PCR assays, immunohistochemical methods, and other serological methods. Swine erysipelas as an opportunistic zoonotic disease is on the increase hence, a synergistic effort should be garnered towards reducing the negative influence of this disease, through enhanced awareness of this disease amongst farmers, butchers, housewives, veterinarians, and drug researchers.
Identification of Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae Infection from a Pig Farm in Meghalaya,India
Veterinary practitioner
During midseptember, 2012, our laboratory has been approached to investigate pig mortality in a newly brought weaner batch at pig farm showing symptom of fever, conjunctivitis, anaemia, diarrhoea, anorexia with sudden pig mortality in 04 weaners and another 06 animals were in morbid condition. The animals were on gentamicin treatment along with support ive therapy but were not responding. On initial postmortem of one recent piglet, intestinal haemorrhage was seen and initial suspect was towards swine fever but it was ruled out as polymersase chain reaction (PCR) for swine fever came out to be negative on the postmortem samples and also on the sera of morbid animals. During the course of investigation 03 more animal died within 12 days, initially the animals were showing only intestinal haemorrhage but the last piglet showed multiple organ haemorrhage in postmortem which was not seen earlier and surviving piglets have also became anaemic. At this point of time, we suspected of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection which was not detected in this region earlier, and was than confirmed by PCR amplification of 16sRNA of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae on the spleen collected from the last piglet. Accordingly, antibiotics effective for E. rhusiopathiae in combination of Amoxicillin and Cloxacillin was given and the outbreak was controlled within 24 hour and all surviving animals responded well with only one more death which was already in the last stage.
Veterinary Microbiology, 1992
Pigs (n = 10) that were experimentally challenged with an arthritogenic isolate of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (strain VRS 229; serotype 1 a) developed arthritis in at least one of twelve major limb joints, lmmunoblots using sera obtained from these pigs at necropsy revealed a major band of immunoreactivity against a subunit polypeptide of apparent molecular mass 65 kDa. The usefulness of the 65 kDa immunodominant subunit as an assay reagent in an ELISA test was examined by presentation of antigen impregnated onto nitrocellulose particles (AINP). This was prepared by electrotransfer of bacterial polypeptides from SDS-PAGE gels to nitrocellulose. Protein bands were visualized by staining with amido black and a strip of nitrocellulose bearing the 65 kDa band was excised and extracted with formic acid. Nitrocellulose particles impregnated with the 65 kDa antigen (65-AINP) were precipitated from solution by neutralization with ammonium hydroxide. 65-AINP was suspended in water and the optimum dilution for ELISA assay was determined by titration to be 0.1 A65o units. Sera from all pigs challenged with VRS 229 reacted against the 65-AINP antigen in the ELISA assay while sera from control, and experimental pigs prior to challenge, failed to do so. The 65-AINP antigen could also be used efficaciously to quantify serological reactivity of pigs experimentally infected with other strains ofE. rhusiopathiae representing the three major serotypes (1 a, lb and 2) that are most commonly associated with swine erysipelas infections. Mouse immunizations with 65-AINP also confirmed that nitrocellulose particles bearing the immunodominant subunit antigen will elicit murine antibodies that are monospecific against this determinant.
Seasonal emergence of swine erysipelas in hilly state Nagaland, Northeast India
African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2016
Seasonal outbreaks of swine erysipelas have been reported in back yard pig farms in the Phek district of Nagaland, India. The alpha haemolytic isolate of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathi ae was recovered on blood agar from the clinical samples. The organism s were confirmed microscopically, biochemical analysi s as well as by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of 16S rRNA gene and sequence analysi s. These Nagaland isolates (KT160358, KT160359) were closely related to the type spp. E. rhusiopathiae in phylogenetic analysi s and form s the same clad with Chineese isolates of swine and murine origin indicating an epidemiological link. The isolates were found to be most sensitive to oxytetracycline and responded to treatment. Swine erysipelas occurred in Phek district in a season due to sudden change of weather and temperature. Pigs exposed to such predi sposing factors probably favoured to propagation of already persi sted organi sm s in pigs. Thi s i s the first confirmed case of E. rhusiopathiae infection from the NE states of Nagaland, India.
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 1998
This report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 oC), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20 000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was place...
Animals
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a relevant zoonotic infectious agent causing swine erysipelas (SE) in wild boar. In Portugal, there is no information on its occurrence. For this reason, this study aims to perform a first serosurvey of SE in hunted wild boars in Portugal. During the 2019/2020 hunting season, 111 sera from hunted wild boar were collected and analysed serologically in the laboratory with a commercial ELISA kit. No animals were eviscerated and examined after the hunt. The hunters took it all for private consumption. The results identified 18 animals that were exposed to SE, corresponding to a seroprevalence of 16.2% (95% CI: 19.9–24.4%). No statistical significance was observed on the effect of gender and age on seropositivity. However, wild boar hunted in Pinhel County, had five times more likely to be seropositivity (p-value < 0.05; OD = 5.4). Apart from its potential debilitating capacity and chronicity in the wild boar population, SE is also a very serious occupa...
Pathogens
The aim of the study was phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains isolated from diseased pigs in Poland and comparison of the SpaA (Surface protective antigen A) sequence of wild-type strains with the sequence of the R32E11 vaccine strain. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was assessed using the broth microdilution method. Resistance genes, virulence genes, and serotype determinants were detected using PCR. The gyrA and spaA amplicons were sequenced to determine nonsynonymous mutations. The E. rhusiopathiae isolates (n = 14) represented serotypes 1b (42.8%), 2 (21.4%), 5 (14.3%), 6 (7.1%), 8 (7.1%), and N (7.1%). All strains were susceptible to β-lactams, macrolides and florfenicol. One isolate showed resistance to lincosamides and tiamulin, and most strains were resistant to tetracycline and enrofloxacin. High MIC values of gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, trimethoprim, trimethoprim/sulfadiazine, and rifampicin were recorded for ...
Humane endpoints in the efficacy testing of swine erysipelas vaccines
ALTEX, 2003
For licensing the efficacy of vaccines for veterinary use has to be demonstrated by well-controlled laboratory experiments in which vaccinated and untreated animals of the target species are challenged. Erysipelas challenge tests cause extreme suffering of the unprotected animals with high fever, apathy, large skin lesions, and even death. This paper describes a standardised procedure for the vaccination challenge test and gives due consideration to the welfare of the animals. By monitoring and using clinical signs observed during the test it is possible to minimise animal pain and distress, thus preventing unnecessary animal suffering.