Characterization of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Stalk Pulp and Evaluation in Paper Production (original) (raw)
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This paper studied the chemical composition of Seven (7) samples of Nigeria-grown agro-based fibers such as Empty Fruit Bunch of Oil Palm (EFB), Rice straws, Wheat straws, Sugar cane bagasse, Corn stalk, Coconut fruit bunch and of course Kenaf Bast (Hibiscus cannabinus) as reference. This investigation is aimed at evaluating the potential of these fibers for production of paper grade pulp. The samples were chemically characterized. Parameters investigated include some chemical properties such as % moisture, 1% caustic solubility (%), hot water solubility (%), extractives (%), holocellulose (%), α-cellulose (%), lignin (%) and percentage ash contents. The results revealed that there were significant differences among the agricultural residues in chemical compositions. The samples were then cooked by the MEA process. The resulting pulps were fully bleached by the D1-Ep-D2 sequence and characterized for their beatability, drainability and physicalmechanical properties. The lignin content of all the samples investigated were low (below 20%), indicating that they should be easier to pulp. In practice, this means that these materials would need milder pulping conditions (lower temperatures and chemical charges) in order to reach a satisfactory kappa number. They would also undergo bleaching more easily and with the utilization of fewer chemicals. The MEA pulp from most of agro-biomass cooked to kappa number 17.5 presented good screened yield with liquor charge demand of 75.0% MEA and 0.5% Surfactant. The pulps resulting from the MEA pulping at kappa no 17.5, were fully bleached by a totally chlorine-free sequence performed in three stages, using 50% hydrogen peroxide in the first stage at 10% pulp consistency, 70 o C for 15 minutes, followed by 1.5% NaOH in the second bleaching stage at a temperature of 80-90 o C for 10 minutes and at the same pulp consistency (10%), while the third and final stage involve a repeat of the process employed in the first stage to achieve an ISO brightness of approximately 90.0%. This sequence is represented in a shorthand form as D1-Ep-D2. The bleached MEA pulps cooked to 17.5 and 10.6 kappa number showed similar refinability and resistance to drainage, but the tensile and burst index were highest for the 17.5 kappa pulp at beating energy consumptions in the range of 0-6 Wh. It was concluded that both 10.6 and 17.5 kappa pulps from most of the agro-biomass are suitable for the production of paper grade pulps, but the highest kappa 17.5 pulp is more economically attractive given its highest pulping yield, despite the significantly increased of chemical demand for bleaching.
Industrial Crops and Products, 2011
The objective of this work is to study characteristics of chemical pulps (soda cooking process) and of paper obtained from Alfa, also known as Stipa tenacissima. For this purpose, Tunisian Alfa stems, and both unbleached and bleached pulps were characterized by determining their chemical composition as well as their morphological and physical properties. Through a detailed comparison with the other pulps obtained from various species, we show that the properties of Alfa stem fibres are intermediate between those of non-wood and wood plants, and most often close to those of Eucalyptus fibres. Refining process (PFI mill device) was then applied to the unbleached and bleached Alfa pulps. The modifications of the morphological properties of the fibres and the drainability and water retention values of the pulps were studied as a function of the refining degree. Here again, Alfa fibres exhibit a behaviour similar to that of Eucalyptus fibres, as the fibre shortening is very limited during the refining process. Finally, conventional handsheets with a basis weight of 65 g/m 2 were prepared from the unrefined and refined pulps. Their characterization showed that Alfa based papers present low density values and quite good mechanical properties, which are significantly enhanced by the refining treatment, particularly for the unbleached pulp. This study demonstrates the high potentiality of this non-wood species for papermaking applications.
STUDIES OF FIBRE CHARACTERISTICS AND PAPER-MAKING POTENTIALS OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES
NJEM, 2011
Anatomic studies of some Agricultural waste materials and their suitability in the production of high quality pulp and paper materials were carried out. Preparation of samples representing each plant species was conducted in accordance with TAPPI Standard T12-0s-75, which specifies that samples be grinded to a fine particle size to permeate 0.4mm screen and retained on a 0.6mm screen. Agricultural wastes understudied were pulped by the alkaline process. By this process, the wastes were chipped and cooked in the digester within the temperature range of 102 to 108 0 C over a period ranging between 180 to 277 minutes, in the rotating type wood digester. Thereafter, the pulp samples obtained were disintegrated, washed and screened for subsequent analysis. Pulp yield for the various species understudied varied between 43.1wt% to 59.7wt%. Standard TAPPI methods were adopted to determine the fibre dimensions, and subsequently, paper samples were made. Overall parameter evaluated revealed that some agricultural wastes have the potentials and promising features as a source of good quality pulp fibres.
The effect of soda-AQ pulping conditions and beating revolution on the mechanical properties of paper made from Semantan bamboo (Gigantochloa scortechinii) was studied. The bamboo chips were pulped using MK digester pulping unit with 10 to 20% alkali charge and 150 to 170 o C cooking temperature. The screened yield varies from 38.7 to 48.4%, and each yield went through beating process at 1000 or 8000 beating revolutions. The bamboo pulp was then made into 60 g/m 2 laboratory scale papers and their mechanical properties were assessed conforming to TAPPI standards. The results revealed that tensile index, bursting index, tearing index and folding endurance ranged from 42.04 to 91.09 Nm/g, 2.68 to 7.10 kPa.m 2 /g, 11.03 to 26.64 mN.m 2 /g and 30 to 1127 double folds, respectively. The highest paper properties were found from pulping condition of 15% alkali charge and 150 o C cooking temperature based on the fibre bonding index, with tensile index at 87.71 Nm/g, bursting index at 6.94 kPa.m 2 /g, tearing index at 12.72 mN.m 2 /g and folding endurance at 613 double folds. Such findings indicate that comparable high strength mechanical properties of paper can be produced from Semantan bamboo pulp with more environmentally friendly pulping process compared to the kraft pulping process that had been used in bamboo pulping.
Suitable approach using agricultural residues for pulp and paper manufacturing
Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, 2017
The chemical compositions, fibre dimensions, elemental analysis and paper characteristics of sesame, karkadeh and okra stalks were studied in this work. It was found that the α-cellulose content of karkadeh, sesame and okra stalks were 45.8, 42.3 and 37.9%, respectively. Klason lignin was found to be the highest in okra 21.4% while it was 20.8 and 19.3% in sesame and karkadeh, respectively. Soda and soda-anthraquinone (AQ) pulping as sulfur-free processes were applied on these raw materials for producing pulp fibers. The results showed that a lower kappa number, higher screened pulp yield, and better paper handsheet properties were obtained for the pulp produced via soda-AQ pulping than the soda process. The soda-AQ and soda pulping of karkadeh generated pulp with the highest yields of 46.6% and 43.5% and kappa numbers of 18.0 and 19.4, respectively. Papers produced from karkadeh pulp showed the highest brightness of 77.64 and 75.50%, tensile index of 52.3 and 51.7 N.m/g, tear index of 4.6 and 5.5 mNm2/g and burst index of 3.9 and 3.5 KPa m2/g for soda-AQ and soda pulp, respectively. Furthermore, the morphological analysis and chemical compositions of karkadeh, sesame and okra stalks showed their suitability for pulp and paper production. ADDRESSES OF THE AUTHORS: Haroon A. M. Saeed (haroonsaeed75@gmail.com) b Center of Fibers, Papers and Recycling, Faculty of Textiles, University of Gezira, Box 20, Wad Medani, Sudan; Yu Liu (leoliuyu@163.com) Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology of Ministry of Education (Shandong Province) Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353, Shandong, P.R. China.; Honglei Chen (shaming007@163.com) Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology of Ministry of Education (Shandong Province) Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353, Shandong, P.R. China; Lucian A. Lucia (lalucia@ncsu.edu) c Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Box 8005, Raleigh, NC27695-8005, USA. Corresponding authors: Haroon A. M. Saeed and Yu
Papermaking potential of rapeseed straw, a new agricultural-based fiber source
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2013
The main papermaking characteristics of rapeseed straw (Brassica napus L.) as an agricultural residue were investigated. The average fiber length, width, lumen, and cell wall thickness were found to be 1.03 mm, 28.00 mm, 19.1 mm, and 4.91 mm, respectively. Cellulose, lignin, holocellulose, acetone-soluble extractives and ash content were determined as 41.66, 16.00, 78.9, 1.63, and 3.46%, respectively. Soda and soda-anthraquinone (AQ) pulping were conducted using 16, 18, and 20% sodium hydroxide and 0.2% AQ in soda-AQ pulping, based on oven-dried straw, cooking temperatures of 175 and 185 C, cooking times of 40 and 70 min, and liquor-to-straw ratio of 8:1. The results showed that lower Kappa number, higher screened pulp yield, and improved bonding strength properties were obtained in the soda-AQ pulping at even 2% less alkali consumption as compared to the soda process. In general, the pulp strength characteristics of rapeseed straw were comparable to those of hardwoods and short-fiber non-wood plants.
The objective of this research study is to examine the potentials of a novel environmentally friendly pulping process in converting some selected Nigeria cultivated agro-wastes into high yield paper pulp. The chemical and morphological characteristics of Ten (10) Nigerian cultivated agro-based fibers were investigated. Pulping trials were carried out using the monoethanolamine (MEA) process comparing the potentials of each agro-biomass in furnishing high yield pulp. The operating conditions such as the concentration of the cooking liquor (50%, 75%, 100%), the maximum cooking temperature (150, 160, 170 o C) and cooking time (60, 90, 120minutes) were applied systematically to establish optimal pulping conditions and optimum result. The lignin content of EFB (18.29%) was low; indicating that EFB should be easier to pulp. The optimum cooking conditions for MEA pulping were 75% MEA concentration, 90 minutes cooking time, and 150°C cooking temperature. The laboratoryscale experimental results indicated that MEA pulping process is particularly well suited for the pulping of agro-based fibers e.g. EFB of Oil Palm, which was de-lignified to a low kappa number value of 18.6, pulp yield of 49.93% and screen yield of 46.27% recording a reject of only 3.66%. It was observed that most of the materials with the exception of wheat straw and kenaf bast fiber showed a similar lignin content (around 18%), with rice straw and corn stalk showing slight variation. More variations were observed in the holocellulose and α-cellulose contents; also, sugar cane bagasse showed the highest percentage of α-cellulose with respect to total holocellulose. Comparing data on holocellulose, α-cellulose and lignin of the ten (10) agro base fiber investigated, it could be observed that EFB has slightly lower αcellulose and holocellulose contents than all the agro-base fiber investigated with the exception of CFB, wheat and rice, but slightly similar in lignin contents only to pineapple leaves, bagasse and CBF. Based on these results, it seems appropriate to use EFB as a cellulose source suitable for the production of cellulose pulp and paper. MEA process is more economically attractive given its high pulp yield, despite the significant increase in chemical demand for bleaching. MEA pulping is a good alternative to soda pulping furnishing high pulp yield with less cooking temperature, i.e. 150 o C, thereby saving a considerable amount of energy with less odoriferous pollutants and pollution load associated with the soda process.
Production of Printing and Writing Paper Grade Pulp from Elephant Grass
CERNE, 2016
The main goal of this study was to characterize chemically and morphologically elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), and evaluate the potential of its fibers for production of printing and writing paper grade pulp. The elephant grass was chemically and morphologically characterized and cooked by the soda process to two different degrees of delignification (kappa 17.5 and 10.6). The resulting pulps were fully bleached by the O-D*-(EP)-D sequence and characterized for their beatability, drainability and physical-mechanical properties. The lignin content (20.2%) was low, indicating that this grass should be easier to pulp. The morphological analyses of the elephant grass indicated a short fiber material, similar to hardwoods. The soda pulp from elephant grass cooked to kappa number 17.5 presented higher screened yield than 10.6 kappa pulp, with alkali demands of 15.0% and 20.0%, respectively. The total active chlorine required by the 17.5 and 10.6 kappa pulps, were 42.1 and 35.1 kg/od...
Paper making and characterization from waste coconut and tofu dregs
Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia, 2021
Research on paper made from coconut and tofu waste has been carried out using the alkalization method of separation technique, with the optimum composition as follows: NaOH concentration used is 3.0% and cooking temperature is 100 0C and the time required is 90 minutes. The results of the catheterization test of paper made from coconut dregs and tofu have a water content of 3.2%; pH 6.9, pulp content 65.75%; cellulose content 80.22%; lignin content 18.27%. The results of the FT-IR spectrum analysis of coconut pulp and tofu pulp are suitable for use as raw materials for making paper because they contain cellulose fibers. This is indicated by the appearance of the O-H hydroxyl group which is observed at a wavenumber of 3312 cm-1. Based on the SEM results, the surface morphology of the coconut pulp and tofu combination paper shows that the surface structure is the denser the fiber bonds, the smaller the fiber diameter, the better the mechanical properties. The results of the research c...