Sedimentary Properties of the Middle−Upper Eocene Formations in Çardak, Burdur and İncesu, SW Turkey Middle-Uper Eocene Formations in SW Turkey (original) (raw)
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Sedimentary Properties of the Middle−Upper Eocene Formations in Çardak, Burdur and İncesu, SW Turkey
Abstract: Th e integration of sedimentological, palynological and palaeontological data in three diff erent outcrops in SW Turkey provides a clearer understanding of the palaeoenvironments in an area between the Çardak-Dazkırı Basin and the Isparta region during the Middle–Late Eocene. In this study, the Çardak-Dazkırı (Başçeşme Formation), Burdur (Varsakyayla Formation) and Isparta (Kayıköy Formation) areas have been studied for facies and facies associations. Th ese formations contain alluvial fan, fan delta, shelf and related marine deposits. Detailed fi eld observations allowed 34 lithofacies and 10 facies associations to be identifi ed. Th e palynomorph assemblages in the Başçeşme and Varsakyayla formations contain biostratigraphically important taxa such as Aglaoreidia cyclops, Triatriopollenites excelsus, Plicatopollis lunatus, Subtriporopollenites constans and Subtriporopollenites anulatus ssp. nanus. Th e mangrove and back mangrove elements such as Psilatricolporites crassus and Spinizoncolpites sp. also occur in these palynomorph assemblages. The upper parts of the Başçeşme and Varsakyayla formations, which oft en exhibit reef developments, contain an assemblage of orthophragmines (Discocyclina sp.), nummulitids (Nummulites sp., Assilina sp., Heterostegina sp., Operculina sp.) and other benthic taxa (Halkyardia sp., Fabiania sp., Asterigerina sp., and Sphaerogypsina sp.). Th ese assemblages indicate shallow benthic zones 18-20 (SBZ 18-20). Th e absence of foraminifera in the Kayıköy Formation does not allow a precise age of the unit to be determined. However, the occurrence of some planktonic foraminifera (Globigerinidae) and the presence of clastic sediments suggest a marine environment with turbidity currents. Th e lateral and vertical relations of the Başçeşme, Varsakyayla and Kayıköy formations suggest a marine transgression from west to east in SW Anatolia during the late Middle Eocene–Late Eocene.
Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Çardak coal seam, SW Turkey
International Journal of Coal Geology, 2015
Th e integration of sedimentological, palynological and palaeontological data in three diff erent outcrops in SW Turkey provides a clearer understanding of the palaeoenvironments in an area between the Çardak-Dazkırı Basin and the Isparta region during the Middle-Late Eocene. In this study, the Çardak-Dazkırı (Başçeşme Formation), Burdur (Varsakyayla Formation) and Isparta (Kayıköy Formation) areas have been studied for facies and facies associations. Th ese formations contain alluvial fan, fan delta, shelf and related marine deposits. Detailed fi eld observations allowed 34 lithofacies and 10 facies associations to be identifi ed. Th e palynomorph assemblages in the Başçeşme and Varsakyayla formations contain biostratigraphically important taxa such as Aglaoreidia cyclops, Triatriopollenites excelsus, Plicatopollis lunatus, Subtriporopollenites constans and Subtriporopollenites anulatus ssp. nanus. Th e mangrove and back mangrove elements such as Psilatricolporites crassus and Spinizoncolpites sp. also occur in these palynomorph assemblages. Th e upper parts of the Başçeşme and Varsakyayla formations, which oft en exhibit reef developments, contain an assemblage of orthophragmines (Discocyclina sp.), nummulitids (Nummulites sp., Assilina sp., Heterostegina sp., Operculina sp.) and other benthic taxa (Halkyardia sp., Fabiania sp., Asterigerina sp., and Sphaerogypsina sp.). Th ese assemblages indicate shallow benthic zones 18-20 (SBZ 18-20). Th e absence of foraminifera in the Kayıköy Formation does not allow a precise age of the unit to be determined. However, the occurrence of some planktonic foraminifera (Globigerinidae) and the presence of clastic sediments suggest a marine environment with turbidity currents. Th e lateral and vertical relations of the Başçeşme, Varsakyayla and Kayıköy formations suggest a marine transgression from west to east in SW Anatolia during the late Middle Eocene-Late Eocene.
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 2008
In this study, the lignite-bearing Yoncalı formation between Yozgat and Sorgun, in central Anatolia has been palynologically examined. Based on 37 outcrop samples, quantitative palynological studies recognized 64 genera and 136 palynoflora species in the palynological assemblage, which indicated a Middle-?Late Eocene age. This paper also presents a quantitative palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate reconstruction for the Middle-?Upper Eocene coal occurrences of Central Anatolia on the basis of palynomorph assemblages. The diversified floral and ecological characteristics of the pollen taxa indicates that the Middle-?Upper Eocene formations in central Anatolia were characterized by the presence of a complex mangrove swamp with contributions by Nypa, Pelliciera, Avicennia, Diporites iszkaszentgyörgyi and dinoflagellate cysts which reflect warm climatic conditions. Behind the mangrove zone, pollen of Restionaceae, Ephedraceae, Mauritia, Proxapertites (Araceae) and Longapertites (Arecaceae) as well as the fern Acrostichum aureum occur. Lowland-riparian and montane elements are characterized by the dominance of Myricaceae, Symplocaceae, Icacinaceae, Quercus, Pinus and Castanea. Swampfreshwater elements are represented by Sparganiaceae, Nymphaceae, Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae and Nyssa as well as fern spores such as Osmundaceae and Gleicheniaceae.
Abstract The Eocene transgressive deposits of the Acıgöl, Burdur and Isparta basins are the best exposed of the SW Turkey and shed light on one of the outstanding problems of the tectono- sedimentary evolution during paleotectonic and neotectonic period. In the present paper we describe a tectonic model of the progressive foreland migration of the allochthonous units such as Lycian and Antalya nappes, initial emplacement onto stable carbonate platform in the Early Oligocene, carrying piggy-back basins and incorporating from alluvial fan to deep-marine deposits recognized in these terrigenous successions. In general, the facies and structural observations on the overall Mid-Late Eocene clastic sequences, outcropping in behind the Lycian nappes, indicate: i) the alluvial fan to shallow marine settings of the Başçeşme Fm in Acıgöl, ii) the Varsakyayla Fm in Burdur and iii) proximal to distal flysch facies trend of the Kayıköy Fm in Isparta. The collected data allow us to hypothesize that the Mid-Late Eocene tectono-sedimentary history was characterized by a terrigenous clastics, probably lying on the constructing tectonic edifice and then deformed and covered by a piggy-back like sequence. The tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Eocene transgressive in SW Turkey has been probably developed through a progressive migration towards the foreland basin.
Sedimentary Geology, 2007
This study investigates the depositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of the Asmari Formation that is exposed at the Rig anticline in the Izeh zone of the Zagros foreland basin with a thickness of 374 m as a sequence of thin, medium, thick, and massive carbonate rocks. The Asmari Formation is Oligocene-Early Miocene (Burdigalian) in age at the study area. In this area 12 microfacies are distinguished on the basis of their depositional texture, petrographic analysis, and fauna. These facies deposited in four major depositional environment including tidal flat, lagoon, shoal, and basin. The Asmari Formation represents sedimentation on a homoclinal carbonate ramp system. Based on the microfacies analysis, sequence stratigraphic studies, and distribution of planktonic and benthic foraminifera, six third-order sequences, three in Oligocene (Rupelian, Early Chattian, and Late Chattian in age) and three in Miocene (Early Aquitanian, Late Aquitanian, and Early Burdigalian in age), in Rig mountain section were identified.
Sedimentary Processes, Environments and Basins
The Sinop-Boyabat Basin is a SE-trending, elongate basin in the Sakarya Zone of Central Pontides, northern Turkey, filled with a succession of Early Cretaceous to Middle Eocene deposits, nearly 7 km thick. The basin evolved from a forearc graben controlled by the process of Western Black Sea rifting into a foreland trough increasingly influenced and eventually inverted by compressional deformation associated with the Pontide/Tauride orogeny. This thesis summarized the results of a detailed sedimentological study of the Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene part of the basin-fill succession, ca. 2 km thick, which comprises three formations (Gürsökü Fm., Akveren Fm. and Atbaşı Fm.). The aim of the study was to reconstruct the basin's palaeogeographical and tectonic history on the basis of sedimentary facies analysis, supplemented with petrographical, micropalaeontological and ichnological data. Special emphasis was on the depositional processes involved and on the basin's responses to active tectonics and relative sea-level changes. The basin-fill succession studied has been described and its sedimentation processes interpreted in terms of eight component sedimentary facies, ranging from hemipelagites and turbidites to tempestites and shallow-marine calcarenites/limestones. These facies constitute four facies associations, stacked conformably upon one another with gradational boundaries: predominantly siliciclastic turbidites (FA 1), calcareous turbidites (FA 2), turbiditic to tempestitic carbonate-ramp deposits (FA 3) and ramp-drowning, predominantly hemipelagic deposits (FA 4). The Campanian-Maastrichtian Gürsökü Formation (up to 1200 m thick) consists of sheet-like turbidites interbedded with calcareous mudstones and marlstones (FA 1). These deposits represent the medial to distal reaches of a deep-marine turbiditic system that was supplied with siliciclastic and increasingly abundant bioclastic sediment from the basin's uplifted southwestern margin and was formed by unconfined, low-to high-density turbidity currents flowing eastwards along the basin axis. A sinuous turbiditic palaeochannel occurs in the lowermost part of the formation, but the system was subject to gradual headward backstepping and it is thus unknown if its proximal part involved many more channels. The Campanian uplift correlates with the accretion of Kirşehir microcontinent to the Sakarya margin of Eurasia, and this first pulse of compression, superimposed on the rifting-driven subsidence, marked the onset of a foreland regime in the basin. The overlying Maastrichtian-Palaeocene Akveren Formation (up to 600 m thick) consists of sheet-like calcarenitic turbidites interbedded with marlstones and calcareous mudstones (FA 2), passing upwards into a tempestite-dominated succession overlain by shoreface calcarenites and shallow-marine reefal limestones (FA 3). These deposits represent a turbiditic carbonate slope apron evolving into a carbonate ramp increasingly influenced by storms and covered by a basinward-expanding reefal platform. The rapid upward shallowing, from bathyal to littoral conditions, indicates a decline in subsidence, probably accompanied by mild compressional uplift of the basin floor. This pulse of compressional deformation correlates with the trench closure and the onset of continental collision in the adjacent Tauride-Anatolide Zone to the south. The Late Palaeocene-Early Eocene Atbaşı Formation (up to 200 m thick) consists of variegated calcareous mudstones interspersed with thin calcarenitic tempestites and turbidites (FA 4). These deposits represent a rapid rise in relative sea level that caused shoreline backstepping, cessation of sand supply, reduced sedimentation rate and extensive seafloor oxidation in the sediment-starved basin. This change indicates a strong pulse of rifting, with a rapid wholesale sinking of the basin and its footwall margin. The overlying Early-Middle Eocene Kusuri Formation (up to 1400 m thick), not covered in detail by the present study, is a siliciclastic turbiditic succession recording the last stages of the basin development, until its closure by tectonic inversion that correlates with the culmination of the Tauride-Anatolide orogeny. First of all I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Wojtek Nemec (Univ. of Bergen), for vital guiding during my field work as well as insightful and critical reading of the manuscript. I am also grateful to my co-workers at the larger project of which my thesis is a part of; Dr. Scient. student Nils Erik Janbu (Univ. of Bergen), M.Sc Łukasz Gągała (Wrocław Univ.), and M.Sc Ediz Kırman (Ankara Univ.). My thesis would not have turned out this way without our fruitful discussions and close collaboration. Nils Erik Janbu is especially thanked for constructive critics of my ideas and interpretations; Ediz Kırman is particularly acknowledged for vital help with drawing figures and for all those hours he spent behind the wheels during our fieldwork.
Cretaceous Research, 2005
The region discussed in this paper is located in the eastern part of the Pontide tectonic unit in north-east Turkey. From north to south it comprises the Ordu, Yavuzlu and Uzunisa areas, which form part of the Pontide fore-arc basin. The region shows different facies developments through the Upper Cretaceous to the Eocene, and the K/Pg boundary section is represented by limestones, sandstones, and glauconitic sandstones. While investigating the palaeontological, diagenetic and facies characteristics of the boundary sediments, it was observed that the Maastrichtian age is represented by thicker successions than the Paleocene in the northern and southern parts of the study area. By contrast, in the centre, the Paleocene epoch is represented by a thicker sequence. It was also determined that the area has become deeper from north to south, owing to rifting during the MaastrichtianePaleocene and uplift to the north.
Bulletin Of The Mineral Research and Exploration, 2016
In this study, trace fossils of the Ceylan Formation (Late Eocene) in the area NW of Fındıklı village and on the coast of the Ece Bay the Gelibolu Peninsula are identified for the first time. They occur in gray siltstones and mudstones intercalated with thin-bedded, parallel and ripple laminated sandstones, which were deposited on a basin plain in proximilt of a slopes in the Thrace Basin. The Late Eocene Ceylan Formation includes pre-depositionl (Belorhaphe zickzack, Desmograpton isp., Helicolithus ramosus, Helminthorhaphe flexuosa, Paleodictyon majus, Paleodictyon minimum, Paleodictyon strozzii, Saerichnites isp., Urohelminthoida appendiculata) and postdepositional (Phycosiphon incertum, Spongeliomorpha oraviense, Trichichnus isp., Planolites isp., Ophiomorpha isp., Ophiomorpha annulata, Scolicia isp., Scolicia prisca, and Thalassinoides isp.) trace fossils. This trace fossil assemblage is typical of the Nereites ichnofacies (Paleodictyon ichnosubfacies), which characterize deep-sea, thin bedded turbididitic sediments oxygenated sea floor.