Phytochemical Screening and Anti-plasmodial Activity of Balsamodendron africanum (A. Rich) (Burseraceae) (original) (raw)
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American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 2016
Balsamodendron africanum was popularly known to be present within tropical Africa and some Indian regions. The stem bark extract of the plant was investigated for phytochemical screening and In vitro anti-malarial bioassay using nhexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and methanol solvent fractions. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins anthraquinones and carbohydrates. The bioassay results showed that, nhexane fraction have the highest percentage of parasite elimination of 91.8% at 5000µg/ml lower than the standard antimalarial drug (artemesinin combine treatment) with 92.8% at 5000µg/ml concentrations. Thus, it can be concluded that, further research on the plant may lead to the discovery of new potential anti-malarial drug in near future.
Malaria Journal, 2014
Malaria is currently a public health concern in many countries in the world due to various factors which are not yet under check. Drug discovery projects targeting malaria often resort to natural sources in the search for lead compounds. A survey of the literature has led to a summary of the major findings regarding plant-derived compounds from African flora, which have shown anti-malarial/antiplasmodial activities, tested by in vitro and in vivo assays. Considerations have been given to compounds with activities ranging from "very active" to "weakly active", leading to >500 chemical structures, mainly alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, phenolics, polyacetylenes, xanthones, quinones, steroids and lignans. However, only the compounds that showed anti-malarial activity, from "very active" to "moderately active", are discussed in this review.
Malaria Journal, 2013
Malaria is currently a public health concern in many countries in the world due to various factors which are not yet under check. Drug discovery projects targeting malaria often resort to natural sources in the search for lead compounds. A survey of the literature has led to a summary of the major findings regarding plant-derived compounds from African flora, which have shown anti-malarial/antiplasmodial activities, tested by in vitro and in vivo assays. Considerations have been given to compounds with activities ranging from "very active" to "weakly active", leading to >500 chemical structures, mainly alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, phenolics, polyacetylenes, xanthones, quinones, steroids and lignans. However, only the compounds that showed anti-malarial activity, from "very active" to "moderately active", are discussed in this review.
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2021
It is estimated that about 97% of Nigeria population are at menace of malaria infection, with Kano state having the highest prevalence of infection at the moment. Yet, substantial number of the infected populace used folk treatment as substitute for the orthodox medicine. The present study investigated invivo antimalaria activities and phytochemical constituent of the back extracts of Boswillia dalzielii, Diospyros mespiliformis and Ficus sycomorus which are the three most common plants used in Kano for folklore treatment of malaria infection. Fifty-five (55) pure strains of Adult Swiss albino mice inoculated with chloroquine resistant NK65 lineage of Plasmodium berghei were used to evaluate the antimalarial activity of the back extract of the three selected plants. The infected animals were randomized into 11 groups of 5 animals. Nine groups were treated with methanol extract of the three plant species at concentration 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg body weight. The remaining two groups were treated with either water (Negative control) or chloroquine (positive control). The result revealed that though all the plant investigated possess antimalaria properties, their chemotherapeutic activity against malaria infection is dose dependent. At the dose of 800 mg/kg, back extract of F. sycomorus and D. mespiliformis had higher antimalaria activities with suppression percentage of 65.79 and 53.25, respectively. The presence or absence of secondary metabolites varies among the plants and depends on the type of solvent used for extraction. Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenoids and phenols were present in all the three species, but mostly in different extracting solvent. The results pointed to better potency of D. mespiliformis and F. sycomorus in treating malaria infection compared to B. dalzielii and can be a good source for the industrial manufacturing of antimalarial drugs.
Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2009
Developing countries, where malaria is one of the most prevalent diseases, still rely on traditional medicine as a source for the treatment of this disease. In the present study, six selected plants (Acalypha fruticosa, Azadirachta indica, Cissus rotundifolia, Echium rauwalfii, Dendrosicyos socotrana and Boswellia elongata) commonly used in Yemen by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria as well as other diseases, were collected from different localities of Yemen, dried and extracted with methanol and water successfully. The antiplasmodial activity of the extracts was evaluated against fresh clinical isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. The selectivity parameters to evaluate the efficacy of these medicinal plants were measured by in vitro micro test (Mark III) according to World Health Organization (WHO) 1996 & WHO 2001 protocols of antimalarial drug tests. Among the investigated 12 extracts, three were found to have significant antiplasmodial activity with IC 50 values less than 4 g/ml, namely the water extracts of A. fruticosa, A. indica and D. socotrana. Six extracts showed moderate activity with IC 50 values ranging from 10 to 30 g/ml and three appeared to be inactive with IC 50 values more than 30 g/ml. In addition, preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanolic and aqueous extracts indicated the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, polysaccharides and peptides.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2014
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Plant species used by Venda people of South Africa in the treatment of malaria and associated symptoms were evaluated for their antiplasmodial efficacy as well as cytotoxic properties and some showed significant activity. Materials and methods: In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxic properties were evaluated on 20 indigenous plant species. Ground plant material was extracted in dichloromethane: 50% methanol (1:1). Antiplasmodial activity was evaluated against the chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum (NF54). The cytotoxicity of the plant extracts were assessed against mammalian L-6 rat skeletal myoblast cells and the selectivity index (SI) calculated.
Parasitology Research, 2016
The use of plant to meet health-care needs has greatly increased worldwide in the recent times. The search for new plant-derived bioactive agents that can be explored for the treatment of drug-resistant malaria infection is urgently needed. Thus, we evaluated the antimalarial activity of three medicinal plants used in Nigerian folklore for the treatment of malaria infection. A modified Peter's 4-day suppressive test was used to evaluate the antimalarial activity of the plant extracts in a mouse model of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain. Animals were treated with 250, 500, or 800 mg/kg of aqueous extract. It was observed that of all the three plants studied, Markhamia tomentosa showed the highest chemosuppression of parasites of 73 % followed by Polyalthia longifolia (53 %) at day 4. All the doses tested were well tolerated. Percentage suppression of parasite growth on day 4 post-infection ranged from 1 to 73 % in mice infected with P. berghei and treated with extracts when compared with chloroquine diphosphate, the standard reference drug which had a chemosuppression of 90 %. The percentage survival of mice that received extract ranged from 0 to 60 % (increased as the dose increases to 800 mg/kg). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, and phenolic compounds in all the three plants tested.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1986
Twenty-one compounds isolated from nine medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in the Sudan and other African countries were examined in vitro for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum, the major human malaria parasite. Compounds tested include alkaloids, lignans, triterpenes, coumarins, limonoids and flavonoids. Most were relatively inactive; one limonoid, gedunin, had an ICsO value of about 1 PM after 48 h exposure (0.3 PM after 96 h), roughly equivalent to quinine. In this protocol, the flavonoid quercetin purified from Diosma pilosa was found to have the same activity as a commercially obtained preparation. Simple radiometric assays for antimalarial activity can thus be used to rapidly screen purified plant material or secondary plant metabolites. The high potency and efficacy of quinine and the Chinese herbal antimalarial quinghaosu (artemisinine) illustrate the merit of this approach.
Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2009
Developing countries, where malaria is one of the most prevalent diseases, still rely on traditional medicine as a source for the treatment of this disease. In the present study, six selected plants (Acalypha fruticosa, Azadirachta indica, Cissus rotundifolia, Echium rauwalfii, Dendrosicyos socotrana and Boswellia elongata) commonly used in Yemen by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria as well as other diseases, were collected from different localities of Yemen, dried and extracted with methanol and water successfully. The antiplasmodial activity of the extracts was evaluated against fresh clinical isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. The selectivity parameters to evaluate the efficacy of these medicinal plants were measured by in vitro micro test (Mark III) according to World Health Organization (WHO) 1996 & WHO 2001 protocols of antimalarial drug tests. Among the investigated 12 extracts, three were found to have significant antiplasmodial activity with IC 50 values less than 4 g/ml, namely the water extracts of A. fruticosa, A. indica and D. socotrana. Six extracts showed moderate activity with IC 50 values ranging from 10 to 30 g/ml and three appeared to be inactive with IC 50 values more than 30 g/ml. In addition, preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanolic and aqueous extracts indicated the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, polysaccharides and peptides.
2014
Population growth, increasing pauperization, cultural habits and expensiveness of the pharmaceutical drugs are responsible for the use of traditional medicines such as herbal medicine in rural and urban populations [1, 2]. Indeed, indigenous plants play an important role in the treatment of many diseases and an estimated of 80% of people worldwide to use herbal remedies [3, 2]. Traditional pharmacopoeia is used to treat many infections against which