NO 2 Concentration in Banepa Valley, Nepal (original) (raw)
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NO2 Concentration in Banepa Valley, Nepal 1
2014
This study comprised of air quality monitoring during the day time at three municipalities of Banepa, Dhulikhel and Panauti(Known as Banepa Valley) in Kavre district of Nepal. The study was conducted in order to establish a baseline air quality data for those municipalities as the first time ever in the district. In each of those municipalities three air monitoring stations were established representing predominant industrial, commercial and residential areas. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) had been estimated from air sampling programme which spanned 7 months and a total of 126 days reflecting winter, premonsoon and monsoon seasons. Low Volume Air (LVA) Sampler and Personal air sampler were used for sampling. UV spectrophotometer was used for estimation of the NO2. The study found that during winter season the concentration of NO2 was more and among the areas commercial area found to be highest level pollution. The over all mean, minimum and maximum level of NO2 was found to be 24.62µg/m 3,...
NO2 Concentration in Banepa Valley, Nepal
Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, 2010
This study comprised of air quality monitoring during the day time at three municipalities of Banepa, Dhulikhel and Panauti(Known as Banepa Valley) in Kavre district of Nepal. The study was conducted in order to establish a baseline air quality data for those municipalities as the first time ever in the district. In each of those municipalities three air monitoring stations were established representing predominant industrial, commercial and residential areas. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) had been estimated from air sampling programme which spanned 7 months and a total of 126 days reflecting winter, premonsoon and monsoon seasons. Low Volume Air (LVA) Sampler and Personal air sampler were used for sampling. UV spectrophotometer was used for estimation of the NO 2 . The study found that during winter season the concentration of NO 2 was more and among the areas commercial area found to be highest level pollution. The over all mean, minimum and maximum level of NO 2 was found to be 24.62µg/m 3 , 11.26µg/m 3 , 91.20µg/m 3 in the Banepa valley. The seasonal trend in pollution levels show that winter > pre-monsoon > monsoon. The pollution concentration trend noted among the areas was commercial > industrial > residential on almost all the occasions. This finding conclude that, most of the time NO 2 level are below the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and World Health Organization (WHO) guideline representing little risk at present in Banepa Valley however commercial area of Banepa is more polluted and is associated with higher NO 2 concentration compared to other areas.
Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2016
Kathmandu Valley is one of the largest and most polluted metropolitan regions in the Himalayan foothills. Rapidly expanding urban sprawl and a growing fleet of vehicles, and industrial facilities such as brick factories across the valley have led to conditions where ambient concentrations of key gaseous air pollutants are expected to exceed Nepal's National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. In order to understand the spatial variation of the trace gases in the Kathmandu Valley, passive samples of SO 2 , NO x , NO 2 , NH 3, and O 3 were collected simultaneously from fifteen locations between March and May 2013. A follow-up study during two separate campaigns in 2014 sampled these gases, except ammonia, one site at a time from thirteen urban, suburban and rural stationary sites. In 2013, urban sites were observed to have higher weekly averaged NO 2 and SO 2 (22.4 ± 8.1 µg m-3 and 14.5 ± 11.1 µg m-3 , respectively) than suburban sites (9.2 ± 3.9 µg m-3 and 7.6 ± 2.8 µg m-3 , respectively). Regions located within 3 km of brick factories had higher SO 2 concentrations (22.3 ± 14.7 µg m-3) than distant sites (5.8 ± 1.1 µg m-3). Higher O 3 (108.5 ± 31.4 µg m-3) was observed in rural locations compared to urban sites (87.1 ± 9.2 µg m-3), emphasizing the importance of meteorological factors and precursor species for ozone production and titration. Parallel to previous studies, these results suggest that ground-level O 3 , as its levels frequently exceeded guidelines throughout the sampling periods, is an important concern throughout the valley. NH 3 near polluted rivers and SO 2 around brick factories are also important pollutants that need more intensive monitoring, primarily due to their importance in particulate matter formation chemistry.
The diurnal patterns of different air pollutants viz. NO2, O3 and NH3 were measured at Vadodara (polluted area) and Anand (non polluted area) to quantify their effects on agriculture crops. Air pollution monitoring was done one day in a week regularly at both selected locations using aeroQUAL series 500 coupled with sensors of NO2, O3 and NH3. Observations were taken in each half an hour for 8 hours interval continuously in selected day of monitoring. The study revealed that significant NO2 concentrations at the urban background remain at the higher level than observed at non polluted area (Anand). The annual average air quality standard of NO2 as per NAAQS was often exceeded in urban polluted crop environment (Vadodara) near heavy traffic site but ozone concentration never exceeded 75 ppb in monitoring hours. The measurement exhibited typical trend of diurnal cycle of ozone concentration with minimum at 8.30 a.m. and maximum at noon hours 12.30-1.00 pm in most of the days at both sites. The NO2 trend showed a reversal concentration gradient with increasing and decreasing O3 at both sites. However there was difference of 0.0014 ppm O3 in average ppm concentration observed at both these sites with higher ozone concentration of 0.050 ppm maximum at Vadodara on recorded minimum value of 0.010 ppm concentration during weekly 8 hrs. in a day. The average NO2 concentration range for Anand and Vadodara were 0.011-0.067 and 0.025-0.125 ppm, respectively. N2O, NH3 oxidation in higher light intensity, local meteorological conditions and automobile emissions could be the cause of higher concentration of NO2 in noon hours. Concentration of ammonia ranges 0.001-0.017 ppm with average value of 0.004 ppm in measurement hours at Vadodara site. In the urban environment, sources of NH3 are numerous and include anthropogenic activities (from sweat and smoking), industry and automobile emission. Anand site recorded lower range of ammonia (0.001-0.011 ppm) with lower peaks compared to Vadodara site. NH3 concentration at Anand location represented agricultural activities.
Measurement of Ambient NH3, NO and NO2 at an Urban Area of Kolkata, India
MAPAN, 2015
Mixing ratios of ambient NH 3 , NO and NO 2 were measured in campaign mode at Kolkata a megacity of Indo-Gangetic plain of India to study the diurnal variation and mixing ratios of NH 3 , NO and NO 2 during 24-27 February 2012. The present study has been carried out on campaign based measurement of mixing ratios of NH 3 , NO and NO 2 for short period of time at Kolkata represent the indicative values over the region. The average mixing ratios of ambient NH 3 , NO and NO 2 were recorded as 43.4 ± 7.0 ppb, 46.0 ± 8.7 ppb and 31.9 ± 5.5 ppb at Kolkata. In the present case, significant diurnal variation of NH 3 , NO and NO 2 were recorded at Kolkata during study. Mixing ratio of ambient NH 3 reaches its maxima (78.9 ppb) at night and minimum during daytime. Result reveals that the ambient NH 3 mixing ratio is positively correlated with ambient NO (r 2 = 0.395) and NO 2 (r 2 = 0.404) mixing ratio and significant negatively correlated with ambient temperature (r 2 =-0.669). Surface wind direction and wind speed analysis indicates that the local acitivities (livestock, drainage, agriculture, vehicles etc.,) may be the possible sources of ambient NH 3 at the observational site of Kolkata.
Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2016
Kathmandu Valley is one of the largest and most polluted metropolitan regions in the Himalayan foothills. Rapidly expanding urban sprawl and a growing fleet of vehicles, and industrial facilities such as brick factories across the valley have led to conditions where ambient concentrations of key gaseous air pollutants are expected to exceed Nepal’s National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. In order to understand the spatial variation of the trace gases in the Kathmandu Valley, passive samples of SO2, NOx, NO2, NH3, and O3 were collected simultaneously from fifteen locations between March and May 2013. A follow-up study during two separate campaigns in 2014 sampled these gases, except ammonia, one site at a time from thirteen urban, suburban and rural stationary sites. In 2013, urban sites were observed to have higher weekly averaged NO2 and SO2 (22.4 ± 8.1 μg m–3 and 14.5 ± 11.1 μg m–3, respectively) than sub-urban sites (9.2 ± 3.9 μg m–3 and 7.6 ± 2.8 μg m–3, respectively). Regions located within 3 km of brick factories had higher SO2 concentrations (22.3 ± 14.7 μg m–3) than distant sites (5.8 ± 1.1 μg m–3). Higher O3 (108.5 ± 31.4 μg m–3) was observed in rural locations compared to urban sites (87.1 ± 9.2 μg m–3), emphasizing the importance of meteorological factors and precursor species for ozone production and titration. Parallel to previous studies, these results suggest that ground-level O3, as its levels frequently exceeded guidelines throughout the sampling periods, is an important concern throughout the valley. NH3 near polluted rivers and SO2 around brick factories are also important pollutants that need more intensive monitoring, primarily due to their importance in particulate matter formation chemistry.
Ambient air monitoring of nitrogen dioxide at Kalimati, Tirtomartani, Kalasan, Sleman, Yogyakarta
MATEC Web of Conferences, 2018
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is one of parameters in air quality according to Indonesia Government No. 41/1999. NO2 has influence in respiratory problem of human being if it exceeds threshold level (400 μgNO2/Nm 3). This study is air monitoring of NO2 concentration in ambient air and it uses a Griess Saltzman method using the spectrophotometer (Indonesia Standard SNI 19-7119.2-2005) near of Plywood Industry and Main Road. The sampling location has two points at Kalimati Village, Tirtomartani, Kalasan, Sleman, D.I Yogyakarta. On December 2016, the results show which NO2 concentration is below threshold level with 0,469 μg NO2/Nm 3 at first point and 0,234 μg NO2/Nm 3 at second point.
Monitoring Nitrogen Dioxide Levels in Urban Areas in Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2011
Nitrogen dioxide is an important gaseous air pollutant. It plays a major role in atmospheric chemistry, particularly in the formation of secondary air pollutants, and contributes to environmental acidification. A comprehensive assessment of NO 2 levels in the atmosphere is required for developing effective strategies for control of air pollution and air quality improvement. Air pollution is a serious problem in all major cities of Pakistan and needs to be addressed to minimize detrimental effects on human health and urban vegetation. In this research, we focused on the monitoring of NO 2 levels in the urban environment of Rawalpindi city. Because of the lack of expensive continuous sampling devices and to get a good spatial coverage of the NO 2 concentrations in the study area, NO 2 passive samplers were exposed at 42 different sites within the city limits of Rawalpindi from January to December, 2008. Samplers were exchanged every 10 days and the associated meteorological conditions like temperature, wind speed, rainfall and relative humidity were also monitored. The average NO 2 concentration was found to be 27.46±0.32 ppb. The highest values of NO 2 were measured near to main roads and educational institutions due to intense flow of road vehicles. Moreover, the study showed that the values obtained for NO 2 for all sampling points exceeded the annual limit value set by World Health Organization. So, this is very important to take different steps to control this before it becomes a serious hazard for people living in those areas.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions
The Kathmandu Valley in Nepal is a bowl-shaped urban basin that experiences severe air pollution that poses health risks to its 3.5 million inhabitants. As part of the Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE), ambient air quality in the Kathmandu Valley was investigated from 11 to 24 April 2015, during the pre-monsoon season. Ambient concentrations of fine and coarse particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10 , respectively), online PM 1 , inorganic trace gases (NH 3 , HNO 3 , SO 2 , and HCl), and carbon-containing gases (CO 2 , CO, CH 4 , and 85 non-methane volatile organic compounds; NMVOC) were quantified at a semi-urban location near the center of the valley. Concentrations and ratios of NMVOC indicated that origins primarily from poorly-maintained vehicle emissions, biomass burning, and solvent/gasoline evaporation. During those two weeks, daily average PM 2.5 concentrations ranged from 30 to 207 µg m-3 , which exceeded the World Health Organization 24 hour guideline by factors of 1.2 to 8.3. On average, the non-water mass of PM 2.5 was composed of organic matter (48%), elemental carbon (13%), sulfate (16%), nitrate (4%), ammonium (9%), chloride (2%), calcium (1%), magnesium (0.05%), and potassium (1%). Large diurnal variability in
Air pollution data is obtained from a number of fixed site monitors located throughout the study region. These monitors measure background pollution levels at a number of time intervals throughout the day and a daily average is typically calculated for each site. A number of pollutants are measured including, SPM, NO2, SO2, NH3 and CO. N.F.L. Vijaipur is nitrogenous fertilizer plant producing urea on high unit. With the commencement of commercial production of the Expansion project the gas based unit at Vijaipur now comprises of two 1520 ton per day Ammonia streams and four 1310 ton per day Urea streams and related off-site facilities. The level of PM10 in summer time is noticeable higher than in winter time. The number of respiratory cases varies with the increases of air pollution and the changes between winter and summer time. To overcome this pollution my suggestion to N.F.L. Vijaipur that employees should use public transport at the time of office.