Physical Structure, Properties and Quality of Cotton (original) (raw)
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Journal of Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology
Cotton fiber is one historic, traditional, familiar, and well known natural fiber which is one of the highly consumable fiber types. Conventional cotton growing requires high amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. In a rough estimation approach, the amount of total fertilizer consumption in weight is reported as 33% of the annual raw cotton output. The awareness and responsible behaviors are started to be an important concern among the consumers and governments in the 80's all over the world in all sectors, together with fiber and textile sectors. Some precautions are taken into consideration in manufacturing, processing, consumption, and waste processing stages in textile and clothing sectors, that organic cotton growing was one worldwide applied action. Organic cotton is grown using well defined methods and controlled auxiliaries that have low impact on the environment. The goal of organic fiber growing is to protect the natural sources and human health, besides all animals, plantation, and sustainable life conditions. Organic growing systems replenish and maintain soil fertility, reduce the use of toxic and persistent pesticides and fertilizers, and build biologically diverse agriculture. Certification of organic fibers needs some hard procedure such as ceasing the use of pesticides, chemical fertilizers before three years subsequent organic cultivation; using only permissible substances; covering physically the borders of cultivation fields; cultivating some trap plants if necessary; using organic manure, and organic soil enrichment. The organic cotton becomes a new business prospect that more than 30 textile brands have already introduced their organic cotton textile and clothing collections. The organic cotton business is predicted to become a constantly widening issue in the future.
Micro and macro environmental factors influence the genetics and physiology of plants during production season which creates the difficulties among the empirical evaluation of plant characters. Fiber quality of cotton is greatly influenced by temperature that seems to be the main barrier in early stages of fiber development whether the crop is sown early or late. Cotton fiber developments comprises four distinct discrete overlapping stages i.e. initiation, elongation, secondary cell wall deposition (SCWD) and maturation/dehydration which are accomplished in -3 to 50 days post anthesis (dpa). The fiber cell, internally occupied a large central vacuole (lumen), is progressively filled with cellulose deposited inside the primary cell wall (PCW) and secondary cell wall. Growth mechanism (diffuse versus tip) for rapid final elongation of cotton fiber is still debatable and no genes are still known to be specific for tip-growing cell types. Plant hormones including GAs (Gibberellic acid), Ethylene, Brassinosteriods (BRs), Auxin are also involve in fiber growth and development. The optimum use of various nutrients like N, P, and K play an important role in physiological maturity of cotton fiber. Most of the fiber traits are quantitatively controlled by the major and minor genes including their additive effects. The negative correlation is commonly observed between fiber quality and yield of seed cotton. Moreover, the amount of heterosis for fiber traits was usually lower (5-10%) than that for yield and its components as fiber traits are more affected by environmental factors. Various studies have supported simple selection methods to maintain the high heritabilities (h2 and H2) and genetic gain for fiber characters. Similarly, recurrent breeding followed by selection within the race population is useful for the accumulation of favorable dominant genes for good fiber quality. Marker-assisted selection and Linkage-Disequilibrium (LD) based association mapping is an alternative molecular strategy to dissect and utilized the natural genetic diversity conserved in cotton germplasm. High fiber quality is vital because its affects various modern textile technologies including dye ability properties, speed spinning methods to increase the textile products quality, yield and performance of machines.
Macro and Micro Characterization of Biopolymers: Case of Cotton Fibre
Biotechnology of Biopolymers, 2011
2. Development of cotton fibre 2.1 Origin of cotton The Cotton plant belongs to the order of Malvales, the family Malvaceae, the tribe Hibiscus, and the genus Gossypium. There are four domesticated species of cotton of commercial importance: G. barbadense, G. hirsutum, G. arboreum and G. herbaceum. Each one of these commercially important species contains many different varieties developed through breeding programmes to produce various types of cotton with continually improving properties such as faster maturing, improved insect and disease resistance, greater length, better strength and uniformity. At various periods, the G. barbadense L., native South America, was transported to various parts of the world and grown as a commercial crop. Breeding and selection in this species resulted in varieties known for their superior fibre quality. These belong to the long staple varieties of cotton and are known for their length exceeding 33 mm, fine fibres with exceptional tensile strength. They supply about 8% of the current world production of cotton fibre. This group includes the commercial varieties of Egyptian, Sea Island, and Pima cottons. G. hirsutum L., which produces medium to long fibres (25 mm to 32 mm), is developed in the United States from cotton native to Mexico and Central America and includes all the many commercial varieties of American Upland cotton. Upland cotton, now provides over 90 % of the world production of raw cotton fibre. Fibre from G. hirsutum L. is widely used in apparel, www.intechopen.com Biotechnology of Biopolymers 194 home furnishing and industrial products. G. barbadense L. Pima is used for the production of high-quality fabrics. The other species, G. arboreum L. and G. herbaceum L. are the shortest staple types of cotton cultivated (inferior to 25 mm) and are coarse. Both are of minor commercial importance worldwide but are still grown commercially in Pakistan and India. According to projections by the International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC), world cotton production is expected to grow by nearly 10% in 2010/11 upto 24.2 million tons, against 22.2 Mt in 2009/10. The main cotton producers are China (31%), India (23%), the United States (12%), Pakistan (10%) and Brazil with 5% of world production.
Gossypium hirsutum the most important textile crop Worldwide, often encounters water stress. Molecular mechanism of water regulation in cotton plants were regulated by stress responsive genes. The expression of dehydration-inducible genes has shown that at least four independent signaling pathways function in the induction of stress-inducible genes in response to dehydration: two are ABA dependent and two are ABA independent.Dehydration responsive element (DRE) or C-repeat (CRT), a cis-acting element, plays an important role in regulating gene expression in response to stress in an ABA independent manner. Drought tolerant transgenics were developed in elite genotypes LRA 5166 and LRK 516 with Prd29: AtDREB 1A and PLEA1: Bc ZF1 gene constructs through Agrobacterium mediated transformation with both the gene constructs. The regenerated shoots were screened in the kanamycin medium (MS) and were transformed in the MS medium containing auxin 1mg/l and cytokinin 1mg/l. Molecular confirmation for the presence of the gene was done by PCR using specific gene and npt II primer. RT-PCR study was carried by isolating mRNA from transgenic plants and cDNA was synthesized and amplified with npt II primer,DREB 1A, ZF 1 gene specific primer produced the 700 bp, 540 bp fragments and 480 bp respectively.
Cotton fibers: Attributes of specialized cells and factors affecting them
Micro and macro environmental factors influence the genetics and physiology of plants during production season which creates the difficulties among the empirical evaluation of plant characters. Fiber quality of cotton is greatly influenced by temperature that seems to be the main barrier in early stages of fiber development whether the crop is sown early or late. Cotton fiber developments comprises four distinct discrete overlapping stages i.e. initiation, elongation, secondary cell wall deposition (SCWD) and maturation/dehydration which are accomplished in-3 to 50 days post anthesis (dpa). The fiber cell, internally occupied a large central vacuole (lumen), is progressively filled with cellulose deposited inside the primary cell wall (PCW) and secondary cell wall. Growth mechanism (diffuse versus tip) for rapid final elongation of cotton fiber is still debatable and no genes are still known to be specific for tip-growing cell types. Plant hormones including GAs (Gibberellic acid), ...
Fiber and Yarn Properties Improve with New Cotton Cultivar
Mill modernization and global market requirements necessitates the continual improvement of upland cotton, Gossypium hirustum L., cultivars. Recent focus by breeders is to create upland cotton with superior fiber quality that approaches pima cotton, Gossypium barbadense L. The objective of this study was to perform in-depth analysis of fibers produced by 'FM832' and 'MD51neOK' and their progeny, 'MD15', that express transgressive segregation for fiber bundle strength. Results were generated via the Stelometer, Peyer AL101, Fibrograph, HVI™, AFIS, Favimat, Fiber Dimensional Analysis System (FDAS) 765, and miniature spinning. Single fiber strength and fineness testing was performed using the Favimat, whereas the FDAS 765 performed non-contact dimensional analysis along the fiber length. Traditional fiber bundle testing was compared to single fiber testing and miniature spinning yarn testing. Cottons in this study were broken at different loading rates from 0.3 ...
Characterizing the Noncellulosics in Developing Cotton Fibers
Textile Research Journal, 2000
Surface wetting measurements and several analytical techniques including FTIR/ATR, DSC, TGA, and pyrolysis-GC/MS are used to characterize the noncellulosic components of developing cotton fibers as intact components of the fiber structure. Water contact angle measurements are most sensitive to the presence of hydrophobic compounds on the surfaces of cotton fibers of all ages and to their removal by alkaline scouring. In general, FTIR/ATR, DSC, TGA, and pyrolysis-GC/MS provide clear evidence of specific noncellulosic components in developing cotton fibers through the onset of secondary celt wall synthesis. Waxy compounds are evident by their melting endotherms in DSC thermograms, carbonyl bands in FTIR spectra, and mass spectra in the untreated developing fibers between 12 and 17 dpa. Pectins are detected by. FTIR in the 14 dpa and mature fibers. FTIR/ATR measure ments indicate the presence of proteins in untreated fibers up to 16 dpa and water-rinsed fibers up to 18 dpa. The presenc...
Micro and macro environmental factors influence the genetics and physiology of plants during production season which creates the difficulties among the empirical evaluation of plant characters. Fiber quality of cotton is greatly influenced by temperature that seems to be the main barrier in early stages of fiber development whether the crop is sown early or late. Cotton fiber developments comprises four distinct discrete overlapping stages i.e. initiation, elongation, secondary cell wall deposition (SCWD) and maturation/dehydration which are accomplished in-3 to 50 days post anthesis (dpa). The fiber cell, internally occupied a large central vacuole (lumen), is progressively filled with cellulose deposited inside the primary cell wall (PCW) and secondary cell wall. Growth mechanism (diffuse versus tip) for rapid final elongation of cotton fiber is still debatable and no genes are still known to be specific for tip-growing cell types. Plant hormones including GAs (Gibberellic acid), ...