Mathematical and Kinetic Modelling of the Adsorption of Crude Oil Spill Using Coconut Coir Activated Carbon (original) (raw)
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Adsorption Studies of Oil Spill Clean-up using Coconut Coir Activated Carbon (CCAC
The adsorption of crude oil from water by using Potassium hydroxide (KOH) prepared from coconut coir activated carbon CCAC KOH was investigated by batch adsorption under varying parameters such as adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial oil concentration, temperature and agitation speed. The morphological modification significantly increased the hydrophobicity of the adsorbent, thus creating a CCAC with a much better adsorption capacity for crude oil removal having a maximum adsorption capacity of 4859.5 mg/g at 304 K as evidently proven by FTIR and SEM analysis. The experimental results showed that the percentage of crude oil removal increased with an increase in adsorbent dosage, contact time and decrease in initial oil concentration. The experimental isotherm data were analysed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Toth, Sip and Redlich-Peterson isotherm equations and the best fitted isotherm model was Freundlich model with a high correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.999). The kinetic data were properly fitted into various kinetic models with Pseudo-second order model showing best fit having a correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.999) and Boyd model revealed that the adsorption was controlled by internal transport mechanism and film-diffusion was the major mode of adsorption. The crude oil adsorption was chemisorption and endothermic in nature (ΔH o = 134 KJ/mol.K) and the positive value of entropy (ΔS o = 0.517 KJ/mol.K) showed an increase in disorder and randomness at the adsorbent-adsorbate interface during the adsorption of crude oil from water. The decrease in Gibbs energy (ΔG o) with increasing temperature indicated an increase in the feasibility and spontaneity of the adsorption at higher temperatures. The prepared adsorbent showed significant capability to be used as a low-cost, re-generable and eco-friendly adsorbent in oil spill clean-up.
Open Access Library Journal, 2024
Crude oil spillage has tremendous environmental impacts and poses severe pollution problems worldwide due to the continuous activities and operations in the oil and gas sector. This has resulted in the urgent need for clean-up techniques such as the use of natural adsorbents which are considered a low-cost, readily available, efficient, eco-friendly, and easy-to-deploy method of handling oil spillage due to their high oil sorption capacity, high oil selectivity, oleophilic, enduring, reusability and biodegradable properties. Empty palm fruit bunch (EPFB) and coconut coir were used as precursors to produce activated carbon (modified with Lauric acid solution) for oil spill remediation. The influence of varying parameters was investigated using a batch experimental procedure and the results showed that the crude oil adsorption capacity increased with a corresponding increase in contact time, initial oil concentration, temperature, agitation speed, and particle size but a decrease in adsorbent dosage. The combination of surface morphological modification and hydrophobicity enhancement resulted in significantly improved adsorption capacity for crude oil removal (2710.0 mg/g and 4859.5 mg/g for EPFBAC L.A and CCAC L.A respectively), as evidenced by both FTIR and SEM analyses. The experimental isotherm data were analysed using various isotherm models and the best-fitted isotherm model was the Freundlich model with a correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.991 and R 2 = 0.999
Crude oil spillage has tremendous environmental impacts and poses severe pollution problems worldwide due to the continuous activities and operations in the oil and gas sector. This has resulted in the urgent need for clean-up techniques such as the use of natural adsorbents which is considered a relatively low-cost, readily-available, efficient, eco-friendly, and easy-to-deploy mode of addressing oil spillage due to its high oil sorption capacity/efficiency, high oil selectivity, oleophilic, enduring, reusability and biodegradable properties. Empty palm fruit bunch and coconut coir were used as precursors to produce activated carbons for oil spill remediation. The influence of varying parameters was investigated using a batch experimental procedure resulting in the crude oil adsorption capacity increasing with a corresponding increase in contact time, initial oil concentration, temperature, agitation speed, and particle size but decreasing in adsorbent dosage. The combination of surface morphological modification and hydrophobicity enhancement resulted in significantly improved adsorption capacity for crude oil removal (2710.0 mg/g and 4859.5 mg/g for EPFBAC LA and CCAC L.A respectively), as evidenced by both FTIR and SEM analyses. The experimental isotherm data were analysed using various isotherm models and the best-fitted isotherm model was the Freundlich model with a correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.991 and R 2 = 0.999) for EPFB L.A and CCAC L.A respectively. The kinetic behaviour of the adsorption process was best described by pseudo-second order with R 2 values of 0.970 and 0.999 for EPFBAC LA and CCAC L.A respectively while Boyd model revealed that the adsorption was controlled by an internal transport mechanism and film diffusion was the rate-limiting step. The crude oil adsorption was chemisorption and endothermic owing to the positive enthalpy values (ΔH o = 183.890 KJ/mol for EPFBAC L.A and ΔH o = 69.656 KJ/mol for CCAC L.A), the positive value of entropy suggested that the adsorption process was accompanied by an increase in the degree of randomness or disorder at the interface between the adsorbent and the adsorbate. A temperature rise led to a decline in Gibbs energy (ΔG o), suggesting that adsorption became more feasible and spontaneous at higher temperatures and the significant activation energies indicated the existence of a substantial energy barrier that must be overcome to initiate the reaction. The results showed the significant capability of the prepared adsorbents to be used as a low-cost, re-generable and eco-friendly adsorbent in oil spill clean-up and is recommended to exploit its usage on a large scale.
Comparative Adsorption of Crude Oil using Coconut Shell and Coconut Shell Activated Carbon
Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2018
Coconut shell (CS) and Coconut Shell Activated Carbon (CSAC) as effective adsorbents for removal of crude oil were examined in this work through batch experiments. Variation in adsorption efficiencies was observed with respect to adsorbate loading, adsorbent loading, contact time, temperature, rotational speed, and pH of the mixture. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms were used to study the adsorption of the crude oil for both adsorbents, and it was observed that the mechanism of adsorption was of a multi- molecular-layer in nature. Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses were also carried out on the two adsorbents, before and after adsorption. The results indicated the presence of crude oil component functional groups on the two adsorbents. Optimum values of the six variable parameters for CS and CSAC adsorption were obtained using design of experiments (DOE). Optimum crude oil removal with CS was 51.32% at pH of 6.9, 49.18°C, mixed for ...
2022
A lot of concern has been raised over the presence of toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that causes serious pollution in the air and aqueous media which affects human health due to their carcinogenicity, toxicity and production of secondary pollutants that are more toxic. In this work, coconut shells were used as precursor for the production of activated carbon via chemical activation with potassium acetate (PAAC) for benzene and toluene adsorption. The prepared carbon was characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and BET surface area analysis. Adsorp tion studies have been carried out for benzene and toluene adsorption on the carbons at differen t concentrations between 50 to 250 mg/L. The heterosporous carbon has surface area of 622 m 2 / g that gave high removal efficiencies of 79% and 82% for benzene and toluene, with 32% yield. The equilibrium data were fitted using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms models whe re all the models have their R 2 > 0.94. The Langmuir isotherm was found to be the best fitted mo del with maximum adsorption capacity of 192 mg/g and 227 mg/g for benzene and toluene respe ctively. The equilibrium parameter (RL) proposed by Webber and Chakkravorti has obtained val ues between 0 and 1 which confirm the favourability of the fitted Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption kinetics was observed to obey the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The synthesize d PAAC can effectively be utilized for the remediation of organic pollutants such as VOCs in the environment through sustainable processes.
Oil Spill Remediation by Adsorption Using Two Forms of Activated Carbon in Marine Environment
2018 International Conference on Computing, Electronics & Communications Engineering (iCCECE), 2018
The removal of diesel oil from water by activated carbon and magnetically modified activated carbon (MAC) produced from agricultural waste like banana stem was investigated. Batch adsorption technique was followed by varying pH (2 to 10), adsorbent dosage (0.05 to 1.5 gm), contact time (5 to 70 min) and initial concentration (200 to 4500 mg/L) to obtain optimum parameters. The magnetized activated carbon exhibited a greater removal (97%) compared to nonmagnetized activated carbon (83%). FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), FESEM and XRD were used to characterize the adsorbents. Kinetic and isotherm studies were also executed. The experimental result fitted well with Freundlich model (R 2 = 0.99) and pseudo second order kinetic model (R 2 = 0.99) for MAC.
Equilibrium and Kinetics Behavior of Oil Spill Process onto Synthesized Nano-Activated Carbon
American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2015
Oil spills were removed from polluted wastewater using synthetic nano-activated carbon that prepared through the alkaline activation of water hyacinth roots followed by zinc chloride treatment prior to its carbonization. The prepared nano-activated carbon attains high oil sorption capacity of 28.31 g oil/ g sorbent and no water pickup. The SEM examination of the prepared activated carbon investigates its spherical morphological structure with average diameter of 60nm. The different processing parameters affecting on the oil sorption onto the prepared nano-activated carbon were optimized. The maximum oil sorption capacity of 30.2 g oil/g activated carbon has been recorded after 60 min sorption time using 10 g from the prepared nano-activated carbon at initial oil film thickness of 1 mm. The oil sorption data recorded at equilibrium conditions have been analyzed using the linear forms of Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models and the applicability of these isotherm equations to the sorption system was compared by judging the correlation coefficients, R 2. It was established that the equilibrium isotherm models applicability follows the order of: Freundlich> Langmuir> Dubinin-Radushkevich for the oil sorption onto activated carbon. Accordingly, the oil sorption process at equilibrium may be described mainly using both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. These results give prediction that the oil sorption process takes place onto nano-activated carbon as mono-layer coverage with some degree of heterogeneity. The kinetics of the oil sorption process was modeled using four kinetic models namely pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models. The pseudo second-order model yielded the highest R 2 value of 0.9933. So, the kinetics of the oil sorption process onto the prepared nano-activated carbon may be described as second-order, which reveals that the main oil adsorption mechanism is probably chemisorption reaction.
Frontiers in Environmental Science, 2023
A wide range of studies has been carried out to describe the equilibrium data of adsorption for the surface adsorption process. However, no extensive investigation has been carried out to evaluate the oil sludge based activated carbon surface adsorption. Therefore, the possibility of carbon active production using different oil sludges and consequently the adsorption mechanism of these kind of adsorbents is still unknown. In this study, a novel low-cost approach was introduced to synthesize the activated carbon using oil sludge applying a two-step process including carbonization and chemical activation. In this way, four different types of oil sludges were characterized and then applied to synthesize different carbon actives and their performance were investigated as an adsorbent. The results showed that all synthesized activated carbons, with about 6% ash and pH = 7 and the specific surface area of 110 m 2 /gr, have the ability to treatment of oily wastewater; which can be referred to the high carbon content (>80%). The iodine number and the efficiency of prepared activated carbon were obtained as 406.8 mg/g and 94%, respectively. The adsorption process was also studied at different process conditions such as temperature (308-338 K), pH value (3-9) and adsorbent amount (50-200 mg/L) to find the optimum condition for wastewater treatment. The results show that the pH value has an optimum in the adsorption rate (the maximum adsorption was measured at pH = 5) and the adsorption capacity can be reduced by increasing the temperature or decreasing the adsorbent amount. Moreover, three different adsorption isotherm models were applied, i.e., Langmuir, Temkin, and Freundlich isotherms; which the Langmuir equation was more suitable than others investigated isotherm models with R 2 ≈ 0.999.
Esterified Coconut Coir by Fatty Acid Chloride as Biosorbent in Oil Spill Removal
BioResources, 2015
Coconut coir, an agricultural waste, was chemically modified using esterification by fatty acid chloride (oleoyl chloride and octanoate chloride) for oil spill removal purposes. The modified coir (coir-oleate and coir-octanoate) were characterized by spectroscopy, thermal studies, contact angle, and morphological studies. The modified coir exhibited an enhancement towards the hydrophobic property but a decreased thermal stability. The oil adsorption performance was tested using a batch adsorption system. The effect of sorbent dosage, oil concentration, and effect of adsorption time on the adsorption capacity of the modified coir were also studied. From the analysis, the long chain oleoyl chloride (C18) was shown to be a better modifier compared to octanoate chloride (C8). The isotherm study indicated that the oil adsorption fitted well to a Langmuir model rather than Freundlich model. From the kinetic study, the result revealed a good fit in pseudo-second order model for all samples studied. The study therefore suggests that esterified coconut coir can serve as a potential biomaterial for the adsorption of spilled oil during operational failures.
Low-Cost Activated Carbon for Petroleum Products Clean-Up
Processes, 2022
Petroleum products are hazardous both for humans and nature. Diesel oil is one of the main contaminants of land but also of sea, during its transportation. Currently, there are many different clean-up techniques for petroleum products. One of the most common is adsorption by adsorbent materials. Although adsorption is an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach, it lacks efficiency. The present study investigates the performance of low-cost activated carbon, derived from potato peels and activated under different temperature conditions, from 350 °C to 800 °C. The yield of activated carbon decreases with the increase in the carbonization temperature. However, the sample prepared at 600 °C shows an oil sorption capacity of 72 g/g, which is the highest of all samples. Nitrogen adsorption characterization reveals that this specific sample has the highest specific surface (SSA) area of 1052 m2/g and total a pore volume of 2.959 cm3/g, corresponding to a 94% and 77% increase compared to t...