A Multi-Wavelength Opto-Electronic Patch Sensor to Effectively Detect Physiological Changes against Human Skin Types (original) (raw)
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2020 IEEE SENSORS, 2020
Wrist-worn reflective photoplethysmography (PPG) has gained popularity as an unobtrusive method for heart rate monitoring, also known as optical heart rate monitoring (OHR). Recently beat-to-beat heart rate information measured with OHR technology has also started to be utilized in heart rate variability analysis as well as in detection of cardiac arrhythmias. However, as an optical method, the quality of the PPG signal and thus the performance of the technology is affected by the skin tone of the measurement subject. In addition, movement and superficial blood perfusion are other relevant factors affecting to OHR monitoring. We evaluated the performance of optical heart rate monitor manufactured by PulseOn company in controlled trial with 36 subjects of varying skin tones. The results show clear dependence between the skin tone and the coverage percentage of good quality beat-to-beat intervals (BBI) as well as improvement of the coverage and the BBI accuracy after physical activity, especially with people with darker skin tone.
2018
The ability to gather physiological parameters such as heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO2%) during physical movement allows to continuously monitor personal health status without disrupt their normal daily activities. Photoplethysmography (PPG) based pulse oximetry and similar principle devices are unable to extract the HR and SpO2% reliably during physical movement due to interference in the signals that arise from motion artefacts (MAs). In this research, a flexible reflectance multi-wavelength optoelectronic patch sensor (OEPS) has been developed to overcome the susceptibility of conventional pulse oximetry readings to MAs. The OEPS incorporates light embittered diodes as illumination sources with four different wavelengths, e.g. green, orange, red, and infrared unlike the conventional pulse oximetry devices that normally measure the skin absorption of only two wavelengths (red and infrared). The additional green and orange wavelengths were found to be distinguish to the...
A Review of Wearable Multi-wavelength Photoplethysmography
IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Optical pulse detection 'photoplethysmography' (PPG) provides a means of low cost and unobtrusive physiological monitoring that is popular in many wearable devices. However, the accuracy, robustness and generalizability of single-wavelength PPG sensing are sensitive to biological characteristics as well as sensor configuration and placement; this is significant given the increasing adoption of single-wavelength wrist-worn PPG devices in clinical studies and healthcare. Since different wavelengths interact with the skin to varying degrees, researchers have explored the use of multi-wavelength PPG to improve sensing accuracy, robustness and generalizability. This paper contributes a novel and comprehensive state-of-the-art review of wearable multi-wavelength PPG sensing, encompassing motion artifact reduction and estimation of physiological parameters. The paper also encompasses theoretical details about multi-wavelength PPG sensing and the effects of biological characteristics. The review findings highlight the promising developments in motion artifact reduction using multi-wavelength approaches, the effects of skin temperature on PPG sensing, the need for improved diversity in PPG sensing studies and the lack of studies that investigate the combined effects of factors. Recommendations are made for the standardization and completeness of reporting in terms of study design, sensing technology and participant characteristics.
Clinical measurements with multi-spectral photoplethysmography sensors
SPIE Proceedings, 2012
A portable multi-spectral photoplethysmography device has been used for studies of 40 subjects. Multi-spectral (MS) monitoring was performed by means of four wavelengths (454 nm, 519 nm, 632 nm and 888 nm) light emitted diodes (LED) and a single photodiode with multi-channel signal output processing. The proposed methodology and potential clinical applications are discussed.
Background: Non-invasive methods for screening and diagnosis are the field with fast growing interest which leads to various biological signal measurements like Photoplethysmogram (PPG) and pressure pulse. PPG monitoring is widely used in the healthcare as this single pulse study can provide wide physiological information non-invasively such as oxygen saturation, heart rate, blood pressure (continuous and cuff less), blood volume, arterial stiffness and respiration rate. First and second derivatives of PPG provide important information about the arterial stiffness and vascular health of the person. Aim: This paper explains the design and development of prototype with RED LED (660 nm) and IR LED (860 nm) as a source and OPT 101 as a detector. Second derivative related indices of PPG (for RED LED and IR LED) were calculated. Materials and methods: Study was carried out on 15 healthy female subjects without any known history of blood pressure and blood glucose; aged between 19-23 years...
Analysis Of Reflectance Photoplethysmograph Sensors
2011
Photoplethysmography is a simple measurement of the variation in blood volume in tissue. It detects the pulse signal of heart beat as well as the low frequency signal of vasoconstriction and vasodilation. The transmission type measurement is limited to only a few specific positions for example the index finger that have a short path length for light. The reflectance type measurement can be conveniently applied on most parts of the body surface. This study analyzed the factors that determine the quality of reflectance photoplethysmograph signal including the emitter-detector distance, wavelength, light intensity, and optical properties of skin tissue. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) with four different visible wavelengths were used as the light emitters. A phototransistor was used as the light detector. A micro translation stage adjusts the emitter-detector distance from 2 mm to 15 mm. The reflective photoplethysmograph signals were measured on different sites. The optimal emitter-detec...
Skin photoplethysmography — a review
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 1989
The photoplethysmograph has been used for over 50 years but there are still misconceptions in how and what is the information obtained. A photoplethysmograph signal from any site on the skin can be separated into an oscillating (a.c.) and a steady-state (d.c.) component, their amplitudes dependent upon the structure and flow in the vascular bed. Many simple applications are available: pulse counters, using the a.c. component, skin colour and haemoglobin saturation meters, using the d.c. component. The d.c. component of the photoplethysmograph signal is a function of the blood flux beneath the device. A good emitter for use in a photoplethysmograph of skin blood flow is one in the frequency range 600-700 nm and the best signal for a.c. analysis is obtained from the finger pulp. The frequency range of the electronic circuitry should be from 0.01 to 15 l-Iz, then all the infermation in the signal can be extracted about the autonomic nervous system control of the cardiovascular system, particularly between 0.01 and 2 Hz. Comparative studies may be drawn between similar skin sites on a subject or between subjects if the afferent inputs to the brain stem are controlled or driven at a known frequency. These afferents, inputs, will modulate the efferents, outputs, which generate variations in the a.c. component of the detected photoplethysmograph signal.
Optical Diagnostics and Sensing XVIII: Toward Point-of-Care Diagnostics, 2018
To effectively capture human vital signs, a multi-wavelength optoelectronic patch sensor (MOEPS), together with a schematic architecture of electronics, was developed to overcome the drawbacks of present photoplethysmographic (PPG) sensors. To obtain a better performance of in vivo physiological measurement, the optimal illuminations, i.e., light emitting diodes (LEDs) in the MOEPS, whose wavelength is automatically adjusted to each specific subject, were selected to capture better PPG signals. A multiplexed electronic architecture has been well established to properly drive the MOEPS and effectively capture pulsatile waveforms at rest. The protocol was designed to investigate its performance with the participation of 11 healthy subjects aged between 18 and 30. The signals obtained from green (525nm) and orange (595nm) illuminations were used to extract heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO 2 %). These results were compared with data, simultaneously acquired, from a commercial ECG and a pulse oximeter. Considering the difficulty for current devices to attain the SpO 2 %, a new computing method, to obtain the value of SpO 2 %, is proposed depended on the green and orange wavelength illuminations. The values of SpO 2 % between the MOEPS and the commercial Pulse Oximeter devics showed that the results were in good agreement. The values of HR showed close correlation between commercial devices and the MOEPS (HR: r 1 =0.994(Green); r 2 =0.992(Orange); r 3 =0.975(Red); r 4 =0.990(IR)).
Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI), 2015
The actual skin colorimeters analyse reflect values from a limited number of broad spectral bands and consequently present limited reproducibility and specificity when measuring skin colour. Here, Antera 3D(®) , a new device which uses reflectance mapping of seven different light wavelengths spanning the entire visible spectrum, has been compared with Mexameter(®) MX-18, an established narrow-band reflectance spectrophotometer and with Colorimeter(®) CL-400, an established tristimulus colorimetric instrument. Thirty volunteers were exposed to a controlled ultra-violet B light. Measurements with Antera 3D(®) , Mexameter(®) MX-18 and Colorimeter(®) CL-400 were done before treatment and after 2, 7 and 14 days. Antera 3D(®) showed to have a better sensitivity and specificity than Mexameter(®) MX-18 regarding the melanin parameter. A similar sensitivity between Antera 3D(®) and Mexameter(®) MX-18 was found for erythema determination and also for the Commission Internationale de l'Ecl...