Feedback in Highly Automated Vehicles: What Do Drivers Rely On? (original) (raw)
Related papers
Cars have had various forms of Driver Support Systems (DSS) for considerably longer than they have taken to have an overt driver interface or to otherwise assume the outward appearance of a 'computer'. Existing forms of DSS, such as power steering, engine management and anti-lock brakes, combined with a more general trend in ubiquitous computing and increased refinement, are isomorphic with future trends that seek to increase the amenity and comfort of driving. These shared objectives, it is argued, bring with them shared driver performance implications in regard to vehicle feedback and driver Situation Awareness (SA). Three experiments are reported in this paper that describe not only the effects on driver SA of manipulations of DSS (and vehicle feedback) but also illuminate issues concerned with SA measurement methods and contexts. The findings suggest that current instantiations of DSS contribute little towards a driver's SA and, in fact, show a generalized trend towards decreasing it. The efficacy of verbal protocol and probe recall SA measurement techniques is noted in terms of observing this effect.
Enhancing Driving Safety and User Experience Through Unobtrusive and Function-Specific Feedback
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications Adjunct
Inappropriate trust in the capabilities of automated driving systems can result in misuse and insufficient monitoring behaviour that impedes safe manual driving performance following takeovers. Previous studies indicate that the communication of system uncertainty can promote appropriate use and monitoring by calibrating trust. However, existing approaches require the driver to regularly glance at the instrument cluster to perceive the changes in uncertainty. This may lead to missed uncertainty changes and user disruptions. Furthermore, the benefits of conveying the uncertainty of the different vehicle functions such as lateral and longitudinal control have yet to be explored. This research addresses these gaps by investigating the impact of unobtrusive and function-specific feedback on driving safety and user experience. Transferring knowledge from other disciplines, several different techniques will be assessed in terms of their suitability for conveying uncertainty in a driving context.
2015
Experiment 4 was undertaken as an exploratory study of driver behavior with and without ACC active during single-task baseline driving and when interacting with voiceinvolved and primary visual-manual infotainment secondary tasks. An analysis sample of 24 participants, equally balanced by gender and two age groups (20-29 and 60-69), was given training exposure to a production ACC system in a 2014 Chevrolet Impala under highway driving conditions through controlled interaction with a confederate lead vehicle. Assessment periods with and without ACC followed. While participants reported high levels of trust in this automated technology, heart rate and skin conductance levels showed modest but highly consistent and statistically significant elevations when ACC was active. Self-report measures suggested that participants felt more support from the assistive technology when engaged in voice-based tasks that generally allowed for continued visual orientation toward the roadway than during visual-manual secondary tasks. ACC status had no significant effect on glance activity during secondary tasks, but visual scanning was observed to change during single task driving when ACC was active. Specifically, drivers shifted more of their visual attention off the forward roadway. Although the observed shift in the distribution of glances and time looking off of the forward roadway may well be appropriate to the conditions, developing a better understanding of how automation influences the distribution of attention seems appropriate.
International Journal of …, 2001
A proposed feedback model of driving implicates vehicle feedback as an important variable affecting driver cognition. This naturalistic study employs an on-road paradigm to begin investigating the effects of vehicle feedback on drivers. Whilst performing a specially designed concurrent verbal protocol, 12 drivers drove their own cars around a predetermined 14 mile test route. This was designed to elicit the information that drivers were gaining from the environment and the vehicle, and how this information was being put to use. Prerun questionnaire measures featured driving style and locus of control, whereas postrun measures included self-assessment of mental workload and situational awareness. The vehicles were divided into 2 groups contingent upon their mechanical and engineering specifications into high and low vehicle feedback status, anecdotally, driver's cars versus average cars. A content analysis showed key differences in driver cognition contingent upon the vehicles feedback status. High-feedback vehicles are related to better situational awareness for drivers, coupled with lower workload. Drivers of low-feedback cars used their vehicle's instruments more often (despite having less of them), and it appears overall from self-assessment of situational awareness that drivers are not particularly aware of their own levels of Situational Awareness (SA), or indeed, any shortfall in it. These findings all correspond to feedback model predictions, and suggest a fruitful avenue for further simulator-based research.
Increasing the User Experience in Autonomous Driving through different Feedback Modalities
26th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces
Within the ongoing process of defining autonomous driving solutions, experience design may represent an important interface between humans and the autonomous vehicle. This paper presents an empirical study that uses different ways of unimodal communication in autonomous driving to communicate awareness and intent of autonomous vehicles. The goal is to provide recommendations for feedback solutions within holistic autonomous driving experiences. 22 test subjects took part in four autonomous, simulated virtual reality shuttle rides and were presented with different unimodal feedback in the form of light, sound, visualisation, text and vibration. The empirical study showed that, compared to a nofeedback baseline ride, light, and visualisation were able to create a positive user experience. CCS CONCEPTS • Human-centered computing → Empirical studies in HCI; User centered design; Interaction techniques; Interaction devices;
The ironies of vehicle feedback in car design
Ergonomics, 2006
Car drivers show an acute sensitivity towards vehicle feedback, with most normal drivers able to detect 'the difference in vehicle feel of a medium-size saloon car with and without a fairly heavy passenger in the rear seat' (Joy and Hartley 1953 -54). The irony is that this level of sensitivity stands in contrast to the significant changes in vehicle 'feel' accompanying modern trends in automotive design, such as drive-by-wire and increased automation. The aim of this paper is to move the debate from the anecdotal to the scientific level. This is achieved by using the Brunel University driving simulator to replicate some of these trends and changes by presenting (or removing) different forms of non-visual vehicle feedback, and measuring resultant driver situational awareness (SA) using a probe-recall method. The findings confirm that vehicle feedback plays a key role in coupling the driver to the dynamics of their environment (Moray 2004), with the role of auditory feedback particularly prominent. As a contrast, drivers in the study also rated their self-perceived levels of SA and a concerning dissociation occurred between the two sets of results. Despite the large changes in vehicle feedback presented in the simulator, and the measured changes in SA, drivers appeared to have little self-awareness of these changes. Most worryingly, drivers demonstrated little awareness of diminished SA. The issues surrounding vehicle feedback are therefore similar to the classic problems and ironies studied in aviation and automation, and highlight the role that ergonomics can also play within the domain of contemporary vehicle design.
Automotive User Interfaces in the Age of Automation (Dagstuhl Seminar 16262)
2016
The next big change in the automotive domain will be the move towards automated and semi-automated driving. We can expect an increasing level of autonomous driving in the coming years, resulting in new opportunities for the car as an infotainment platform when standard driving tasks will be automated. This change also comes with a number of challenges to automotive user interfaces. Core challenges for the assistance system and the user interface will be distributing tasks between the assistance system and the driver, the re-engagement of drivers in semi-automated driving back to the driving task, and collaborative driving in which cars collectively work together (e.g., platoons). Overall, in the coming years we will need to design interfaces and applications that make driving safe while enabling communication, work, and play in human-operated vehicles. This Dagstuhl seminar brought together researchers from human computer interaction, cognitive psychology, human factors psychology a...
Automotive User Interfaces in the Age of Automation
The next big change in the automotive domain will be the move towards automated and semi-automated driving. We can expect an increasing level of autonomous driving in the coming years, resulting in new opportunities for the car as an infotainment platform when standard driving tasks will be automated. This change also comes with a number of challenges to automotive user interfaces. Core challenges for the assistance system and the user interface will be distributing tasks between the assistance system and the driver, the re-engagement of drivers in semi-automated driving back to the driving task, and collaborative driving in which cars collectively work together (e. g., platoons). Overall, in the coming years we will need to design interfaces and applications that make driving safe while enabling communication, work, and play in human-operated vehicles. This Dagstuhl Seminar brought together researchers from human computer interaction, cognitive psychology, human factors psychology and also from automotive industry and OEMs to discuss the new interface paradigms for (semi-)automated driving.
Driver Strategies When Interacting with Information and Comfort Systems
The safety implication of new in-vehicle technologies is a leading concern for car manufacturers. Several methods aim to measure the driver distraction induced by driver information and assistance systems. One of these methods, denoted the Lane Change Test (LCT), aims to measure quantitatively the degradation of the driving performance induced by secondary tasks. An experiment involving 17 participants was conducted from September to November 2006 to investigate the robustness of the method. A calibration task was used to compare performances in PC and in simulator environments. Radio and navigation tasks were performed in four different vehicles to assess the relevance of the method to discriminate among different types and location of in-vehicles devices and displays. In addition to the main indicator suggested in the LCT procedure (mean lateral deviation), features of the secondary tasks (latency, duration) were considered. The results confirm the transferability of the method fr...