Conventional Genetic Improvement Methods in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: A Review (original) (raw)
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BREEDING OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS-AN OVERVIEW
The rise of chemical taxa of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAP's can be considered as result of biochemical and metabolic processes mostly under genetic control. The phenotypes of plants are influenced not only by environmental but also by genetic factors, which are inherited from parents by their progenies. The breeder creates the genetic variability and tries to change the genetically controlled reaction norm of a genotype towards the aspired direction – the improvement of the average performance and of the ecological stability. Conventional breeding methods prevail due to the availability of high natural variability. New variability can be created by following different breeding methods such as combination breeding, hybrid breeding, synthetic cross, induced mutations, somaclonal variations, molecular gene transfer, clone breeding, selection and chemo variations.
International Journal of Radiation Biology
Purpose: The nature and kind of some successful mutations achieved through gamma radiation at CSIR-CIMAP, Lucknow are reviewed and described in this article. Medicinal and aromatic crops (MACs) came under the mutation-breeding program very lateperhaps during the 1980s in India. Nevertheless, successes have been glaring and unique too. The plant breeders of the Institute concerted attempts were made for the genetic restructuring of the plant-frame in Hyoscyamus niger L. (black henbane) and Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa), enhanced alkaloid biosynthesis in henbane, weak, or lack of latex biosynthesis in Papaver somniferum L. (Opium poppy), increased productivity of seeds in Plantago ovata F. (isabgol), and new/increased formation of essential oils in Chamomila recutita [L.] Rauschert (Chamomile) and Cymbopogon winterianus (Java citronella). Several qualitative macro mutations were generated for commercial exploitation, e.g. an unbranched (Ub) and physiologically most efficient variety Aekla and high tropane alkaloid bearing variety Aela of H. niger, opium less oilseed variety Sujata of opium poppy, a dwarf mutant and a male sterile (ms) line of palmarosa, and new compound yielding variety of chamomile and geranium. Conclusions: The ample quantitative variation was also created by reshuffling the polygenic background in both seed and vegetatively propagated MACs, and subsequently, with applying mutation breeding approach superior varieties were evolved and released after a rigorous screening in the field-evaluation or under pipeline for release. These varieties are Niharika and Mayuri of psyllium; Vallary, CIMAP Sammohak, CIM Ujjwala, and YEL (yellow) of German chamomile and Manjari and CIM Jeeva of Java citronella.
BREEDING OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS (VOLUME -2) Editor's Name: Vasanthkumar SS Pooja UK
As the editor of "Breeding of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops," I am honored to present this comprehensive volume, a collaborative effort that brings together the collective wisdom and expertise of esteemed contributors in the field. "Breeding of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops" is a book for postgraduate and PhD students specializing in the cultivation of spices, medicinal, and aromatic crops, aiming to fill a gap in accessible literature. The book offers a comprehensive understanding of breeding methodologies, crop improvement strategies, and medicinal crop cultivation, aiming to inspire postgraduate and PhD students in this specialized field, enriching their studies and guiding them through the intricacies. The compilation aims to provide affordable resources for breeding of medicinal and aromatic crops, democratizing access to knowledge without financial barriers. It serves as a companion in students' educational journey and a catalyst for innovation and discovery, making it an invaluable academic companion in the future of agriculture and healthcare. The book offers a comprehensive understanding of crop improvement techniques and breeding methodologies, focusing on traditional methods, molecular techniques, genomic tools, and sustainable practices. It emphasizes the importance of innovation and adaptability in agricultural practices, highlighting the complexities of breeding methodologies. The authors' contributions showcase their dedication to advancing the field of medicinal and aromatic crops. This compilation is a valuable resource for researchers, students, practitioners, and enthusiasts, offering insights into breeding medicinal and aromatic crops. It aims to inspire future generations to continue excellence in breeding practices.
Horticulturae, 2021
Medicinal plants are a vital source of new bioactive compounds due to their ecological biodiversity and varied chemical properties of each species. Phenotypic selection coupled with the evaluation of genotypes based on the chemical profile can be used for the development of a high-yielding variety. However, most of the raw material that has been used for commercial production of herbal products is mainly derived from wild sources, with little knowledge of the quality of genetic materials. Thus, three medicinal species, Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed), Andrographis paniculata (Creat), and Baeckea frutescens (False ru), were chosen based on their significant benefits to human health. These medicinal species have been traditionally used to treat various illnesses, and have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. This paper highlights the harvesting method and collection of accessions from natural habitats for the selection of supe...
National conference on " Conservation, Cultivation and Utilization of medicinal and Aromatic plants"
Variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield contributing characters in Embelia ribes Burm f. – An endangered medicinal plant
Variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield contributing characters in Embelia ribes Burm f. – An endangered medicinal plant Shruthi AM, Raviraja Shetty G and PE Rajasekharan Abstract The experiment was conducted during 2015-2016 at Division of Plant Genetic Resources, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (ICAR-IIHR), Hessarghatta, Bengaluru. Genotypic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield contributing traits were studied in five Embelia ribes Burm f. accessions. Data were recorded for plant height (m), leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), petiole length (cm), leaf area (cm 2), number of inflorescence per plant, fruit length (cm), fruit diameter(cm), seed length(cm), seed weight, fruit yield (kg/plant). Among different yield attributing characters studied, the highest magnitude of PCV and GCV were recorded in leaf area (6.43 and 5.73 %), number of inflorescence per plant (46.35 and 45.10 %) and fruit yield per plant (48.67 and 48.24 %). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent over mean was recorded for the characters viz., leaf width (99.00 %), petiole length (91.00%), plant height (95.20 %), number of inflorescence per plant (95.00 %), fruit weight (91.02) and fruit yield per plant (98.22 %).Hence, these characters were predominantly governed by additive gene action and could be used as a selection criterion for breeding programmes in the future.
Journal of Natural Science Review, 2024
Most pharmaceutical products are derived from plants, making plants an essential source for developing and discovering novel therapeutic compounds. The phytochemical components of medicinal plants (MPs), particularly the secondary metabolites (SMs), are linked to the pharmacological effects of MPs. The widespread interest in phytotherapy, consumer preference to use natural resources, the continuous exploitation of natural resources, the economic importance of MPs in the selfsufficiency of developing countries like Afghanistan, difficulties associated with the traditional breeding methods of MPs, and resulting insufficient plant yield have made wild MPs resources unable to meet the current requirements and led researchers to search for alternative solutions. The application of genetic engineering (GE) techniques and biotechnological tools, including combinatorial biosynthesis, CRISPR/Cas9-based systems, and genetically encoded biosensors to select, multiply, improve the bioproduction, biodiversity preservation; conservation of the elite and rare genotypes of important MP species in extinction is considered a possible solution. Afghanistan is one of the main exporters of MPs due to its rich flora. Even though it's uncommon in the country to apply modern biotechnology and GE procedures to improve MPs, they may still be considered promising methods. This paper reviewed the recent successes and developments in the previously/at present use of various biotechnological and GE approaches for the improvement of MPs in Afghanistan and also to identify the main challenges the country's plant breeders and/or scientists may face during the use of these approaches to improve MPs shortly.
Sustainable Development and Biodiversity
Medicinal plants are source of several valuable drugs known as natural products or secondary metabolites. Only a handful of medicinal plants are cultivated while most of them are still collected from wild. Due to the high demand for these products, over-exploitation resulted in endangering the species, loss of biodiversity, adulteration of plant materials and products, and the effect on ecosystem. Plants and plant products are used in many traditional medicines for several centuries. To meet the demand of raw plant material for direct use or industrial use, agrotechnologies have been developed for several medicinal plants, alternative biotechnologies (micropropagation, production in cell cultures grown in shake flasks and bioreactor, transfer of gene/s in plant and microbes, modification of biosynthetic pathways, etc.) and microbial production system have been attempted. Understanding seed and floral biology, development of agrotechnologies and introduction into new habitat may improve the availability of raw medicinal plant material associated with the improved downstream process can affect high recovery. Similarly, the use of sophisticated detection methods, high throughput screening methods, genomics and proteomics can through light on genes involved, types of biomolecules, and new sources of known drugs. Biotechnological methods (elicitation, immobilization, cloning of selected strains, hairy root cultures, and gene manipulation) including gene editing can help in improvement in the production system. With ever-increasing population and reliability of herbal medicine, demand for medicinal plants continues to increase; hence, domestication of plants along with new technologies is a demand of time to meet the challenge of supply of uniform raw material. This brief overview presents state of research on medicinal plants and their products.
A New Look at Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Acta Horticulturae, 2011
Herbs, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) have maintained their traditional basic curative role while new trends seek natural alternatives with lesser side effects to using conventional drugs. Besides their traditional culinary and food industry uses, MAPs are intensively consumed as food supplements (food additives). In animal husbandry, feed-additives are used to replace synthetic chemicals and production increasing hormones. Nearly unlimited and increasing huge demand have led to the overexploitation of natural resources, thus endangering not only plant species but incomes, even livelihoods, especially in developing countries. A New Look, a different holistic focus and R+D action is needed to sustain an energetic and socioeconomically sound MAPs sector. Guided by international standards (e.g., ISSC-MAP, GA(C)P, FairWild), the sustainable exploitation and management of MAP natural resources have become an imperative from both environment protection and socioeconomic points of view. The raw material supplies should be secured by conserving and improving the germplasm of cultivated species, and using both in situ and/or ex-situ technologies. There is a strong demand on the domestication/introduction into cultivation of presently wildcrafted species. Sophisticated in vitro propagation and breeding (selection) technologies aided by advanced phytochemical and molecular biological analytical techniques can further assist this progress. There is also a need to ensure the quality of medicinal plant products by using modern control techniques and applying suitable standards. Based on the already available modern sample preparation techniques (e.g., SPME, SFE, PLE, MAE and SME), the study of the plant metabolome has already yielded successes. Advances in plant genomics and metabolite profiling, also seem to offer unprecedented possibilities in exploring the extraordinary complexity of plant biochemical capacity. State-of-the-art genomics tools can be used to enhance the production of known target metabolites and/or to synthesize entire novel compounds in cultivated plant cells by the so-called combinatorial biochemistry. Ultimate goal of these efforts should be to help improve the traceability and safety (reliability) of natural products, as well as the appropriate policies and legal frameworks to guide the protection, production (including organic production), trade, and applications of medicinal and aromatic plant materials.