Comparison of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness and anthropometric measurements in metabolic syndrome (MS) cases above and under the age of 65 (original) (raw)
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Journal of Bahria University Medical and Dental College, 2018
Objectives: The aim of this study was to measure the Epicardial Adipose Tissue thickness through echocardiography in healthy adults and coronary artery disease patients and to make its association with age and gender. Methods: It was a case control study. A total of 315 samples including 159 cases of coronary artery disease and 156 asymptomatic individuals for coronary artery disease underwent echocardiography for Epicardial Adipose Tissue thickness measurement. Results: Mean Epicardial Adipose Tissue (EAT) in the study was found to be 15.45 ± 7.16 mm. Cases had significantly higher EAT 16.77 ±9.80mm as compared to controls 14.13 ± 4.52 mm (P=0.02). EAT thickness increased significantly with age (P=0.004). There was no significant difference of EAT (P=0.999) in both the genders. Conclusion: The mean EAT thickness is significantly higher in our study population as compared to previous studies. The mean EAT thickness was same in both males and females of our study. There was no signif...
PLoS ONE, 2014
Background: Visceral obesity is associated with higher occurrence of cardiovascular events. There are few studies about the accuracy of anthropometric clinical indicators, using Computed Tomography (CT) as the gold standard. We aimed to determine the accuracy of anthropometric clinical indicators for discrimination of visceral obesity. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 191 adults and elderly of both sexes. Variables: area of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) identified by CT, Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR), Conicity index (C index), Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP) and Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI). ROC analyzes. Results: There were a strong correlation between adiposity indicators and VAT area. Higher accuracy of C index and WHtR (AUC$0.81) than the LAP and the VAI was observed. The higher AUC of LAP and VAI were observed among elderly with areas of 0.88 (
Increased epicardial fat tissue is a marker of metabolic syndrome in adult patients
International Journal of Cardiology, 2013
Background: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) can be thought of as multiple, interrelated risk factors of metabolic origin (Visceral obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and hypertension). Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is an emerging cardio metabolic risk factor. This study was planned to assess the association of echocardiographic EAT measurements with the presence of MetS and its components in adult Egyptian patients. Forty patients diagnosed with MetS and 20 patients with Pre-MetS as a control group were enrolled in this study. All participants were subjected to full history taking, clinical examination, assessment of EAT thickness by using resting transthoracic two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography and biochemical parameters (fasting plasma glucose, insulin, HOMA IR, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), HDL-C, LDL-C, blood urea, serum creatinine, ALT and serum albumin. Results of this study revealed: EAT thickness was significantly increased in patients with MetS compared to pre-MetS patients (0.84 ± 0.22 cm VS 0.64 ± 0.17 cm, P<0.001), correlating positively with systolic blood pressure (SBP) (r = 0.51; P<0.001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (r = 0.51; p<0.001), TC (r = 0.42; p<0.001), TG (r = 0.58 p<0.001), HOMA (r = 0.53; p<0.001), and FPG (r = 0.46; p<0.05). EAT thickness correlated negatively with HDL-C level (r =-0.4; p<0.001). Receivers operating characteristic Curve (ROC-curve) analysis revealed that EAT thickness predicted MetS with 72.5 % sensitivity and 70% specificity above the level of 0.7 cm [area under curve = 0.761; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.639-0.88] There were highly significant difference between MetS group and pre-Mets group regarding parameters of MetS, HOMAIR (p<0.001), FPG and fasting insulin (FI) (p<0.05). Conclusion: The present study revealed significant association exist between EAT thickness and MetS components. Those finding might be used as useful marker for MetS.
American Journal of Epidemiology, 2004
Assessment of body fat distribution, particularly visceral adipose tissue, may be important for accurate risk evaluation for cardiovascular disease in the elderly. This 1997-1998 US study examined the association of incident myocardial infarction (MI) with total adiposity (body mass index and fat mass) and body fat distribution (waist-to-thigh ratio, waist circumference, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue) in well-functioning men (n = 1,116) and women (n = 1,387) aged 70-79 years enrolled in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. There were 116 MI events (71 in men, 45 in women) during an average follow-up time of 4.6 (standard deviation, 0.9) years. No association was found between incident MI and the adiposity or fat distribution variables for men. For women, visceral adipose tissue was an independent predictor of MI (hazard ratio = 1.67, 95% confidence interval: 1.28, 2.17 per standard-deviation increase; p < 0.001). No association was found between body mass index or total fat mass and MI events in women. The association of visceral adipose tissue with MI in women was independent of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, interleukin-6 concentration, hypertension, and diabetes (hazard ratio = 1.79, 95% confidence interval: 1.24, 2.58 per standard-deviation increase; p < 0.01). The amount of adipose tissue stored in the intraabdominal cavity is an important, independent risk factor for MI in wellfunctioning, elderly women.
American Journal of Epidemiology, 2005
Intraabdominal fat (IAF) area is often measured indirectly in epidemiologic studies. The authors recruited 147 participants from the second examination (1990)(1991)(1992) of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study to examine IAF area and determine whether there were differences in IAF area and distribution by location. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to image four 10-mm slices between the second and fourth lumbar vertebrae by an inverse recovery method, and IAF was calculated from each image. The authors constructed gender-specific mixed models with IAF area as the outcome and the location of imaging along the torso as the independent variable, using random intercepts to account for between-person variation in IAF area. The torso location of IAF measurement was a significant predictor of IAF area in both men (p ¼ 0.02) and women (p < 0.0001) after adjustment for body mass index. A significant positive interaction between age and location was seen in men, with increasing IAF area moving down the torso with older ages. Using magnetic resonance imaging, location along the torso yields different IAF areas and distributions independently of body mass index in both genders, with measurement at the second lumbar vertebra (slightly above the umbilicus) capturing the largest amount of IAF. Studies that attempt to link IAF with cardiovascular disease risk factors should consider measurement location to accurately capture the association. adipose tissue; body composition; epidemiologic methods; magnetic resonance imaging Abbreviations: ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study; IAF, intraabdominal fat; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.
Anthropometric Indicators of Obesity as Predictors of Cardiovascular Risk in the Elderly
Nutricion hospitalaria, 2015
various anthropometric indicators can be used as predictors of cardiovascular risk in the elderly. Evaluate the predictive capacity of anthropometric measurements in identifying cardiovascular risk in elderly patients at the Family Health Strategy of Viçosa-MG. this was a cross-sectional epidemiological study with 349 elderly persons. Cardiovascular risk was calculated using the ratio of triglyceride levels with HDL-cholesterol (TG/HDL-c) levels. The anthropometric variables measured were waist circumference, body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, and conicity index. A biochemical assessment of triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol was performed. The anthropometric measurements were also related to cardiovascular risk using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. the observed results suggest that all these anthropometric indexes can be used to predict cardiovascular risk in males. However, in females, only BMI showed predictive capacity. The cutoff points identified appeared ve...
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2009
Context: Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a metabolically active visceral fat depot. Its distribution is asymmetrical and primarily concentrated in the grooves. To date, it remains unclear which measurement of EAT best reflects its metabolic risk. Objective: We aimed to examine the correlations between various multidetector computed tomographic measurements of EAT, metabolic syndrome components, and plasma levels of highsensitivity C-reactive protein and adipokines. Design, Setting, and Participants: This study included 148 consecutive patients undergoing multidetector computed tomography prior to diagnostic coronary angiography. Thickness in the grooved segments, cross-sectional areas, and total volume of EAT were measured. The cross-sectional areas of sc and visceral abdominal fat depots were additionally measured in 70 randomly selected patients. Results: Thickness of EAT in the left atrioventricular groove was the only EAT measurement significantly correlated with all three metabolic syndrome components (blood pressure, lipid, and glucose components) and plasma levels of resistin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein after age and gender adjustments. The association between left atrioventricular groove thickness and increasing number of metabolic syndrome components remained significant after additional adjustments for body mass index, waist circumference, and intraabdominal visceral fat area. By using the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the optimal cutoff point for left atrioventricular groove thickness to predict the presence of at least two metabolic syndrome components was 12.4 mm. Conclusions: A simple measurement of EAT thickness in the left atrioventricular groove may provide a more accurate assessment of metabolic risk associated with EAT, which could not be accounted for by anthropometric indexes and intraabdominal visceral fat. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94: 662-669, 2009) O besity often coexists with several metabolic risk factors, including hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose tolerance, which together are referred to as the metabolic syndrome (1, 2). The metabolic syndrome confers an increased risk of major cardiovascular events not only in individuals without known heart disease, but also in those with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (3-5). Adipocytes and surrounding adipose tissue are known to mediate the
International Journal of Obesity, 2017
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Fat distribution is a strong and independent predictor of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is usually determined using conventional anthropometry in epidemiological studies. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can measure total and regional adiposity more accurately. Nonetheless, whether DXA provides more precise estimates of cardiovascular risk in relation to total and regional adiposity is not known. We determined the strength of the associations between DXA-and conventional anthropometry determined fat distribution and T2D and CVD risk markers. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Waist (WC) and hip circumference (HC) and DXA was used to measure total and regional adiposity in 4950 (2119 men) participants aged 29-55 years from the Oxford Biobank without pre-existing T2D or CVD. Cross-sectional associations were compared between WC and HC vs. DXA-determined regional adiposity (all z-score normalised) with impaired fasting glucose, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension and insulin resistance (IR). RESULTS: Following adjustment for total adiposity, upper body adiposity measurements showed consistently increased risk of T2D and CVD risk markers except for abdominal subcutaneous fat in both sexes, and arm fat in men, which showed protective associations. Among upper adiposity depots, visceral fat mass showed stronger odds ratios (OR) ranging from 1.69 to 3.64 compared with WC 1.07-1.83. Among lower adiposity depots, HC showed modest protection for IR in both sexes (men: OR 0.80 (95% confidence interval 0.67, 0.96); women: 0.69 (0.56, 0.86)), whereas gynoid fat and in particular leg fat showed consistent and strong protective effects for all outcomes in both men and women. The differential effect of body fat distribution on CVD and T2D were more pronounced at higher levels of total adiposity. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with DXA, conventional anthropometry underestimates the associations of regional adiposity with T2D and CVD risk markers. After correcting for overall adiposity, greater subcutaneous fat mass in particular in the lower body is protective relative to greater android or visceral adipose tissue mass.
International Journal of General Medicine, 2021
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of multiple abdominal fat indices measured by ultrasound and anthropometric indices to predict the presence and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) assessed by coronary angiography. Patients and Methods: All participants subjected to clinical and laboratory assessments. Anthropometric measurements were taken followed by an ultrasound examination to measure fat thickness at multiple abdominal areas. Lastly, selective coronary angiography performed by the Judkins technique. Statistical analysis was performed to detect the association between all variables and CAD, followed by regression analysis, and Odds ratio (OR) was used to quantifies the strength of the association between two events. Results: From the abdominal indices, the posterior right perinephric fat thickness (PRPFT) above the best cutoff value had the highest hazard ratio (HR: 12.3, p = 0.001), followed by visceral adipose tissue volume (VAT) (HR: 10.7, p < 0.001), waist circumference (WC) (HR: 6.7, p = 0.001), visceral fat thickness (VFT) (HR: 5.7, p = 0.002), and body mass index (BMI) (HR: 5.48, p = 0.017). It also showed an independent association between the severity of CAD and WC (HR: 4.28, p = 0.012), VFT (HR: 3.7, p = 0.032), VAT (HR: 3.7, p = 0.034), and waist to height ratio (WHtR) (HR: 3.3, p = 0.033). Conclusion: Posterior perinephric fat thickness and visceral adipose tissue volume measured by ultrasound are strong noninvasive predictors for coronary artery disease, followed by body mass index, waist circumference and visceral fat thickness.