Plants as Sources of Anti-Inflammatory Agents (original) (raw)
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Anti-inflammatory potential of medicinal plants
CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research - Zenodo, 2022
Inflammation is said to be a healthy component of the body immune system's reaction. Inflammation is characterised by four key symptoms: pain, redness, heat or warmth and swelling. As secondary metabolites, plants may produce a wide range of phytochemical compounds, which possess antiinflammatory characteristics. Herbal remedies are important therapies for a wide range of ailments all over the world. There are around 7 500 species of medicinal plants, including representatives from over 17 000 flowering plant species. Even when synthetic chemistry has developed out their expectations, the use of natural ingredients in the manufacture of drugs used in contemporary medicine is unparalleled. By interfering with the biology of inflammation, anti-inflammatory medications may assist to minimise tissue damaging and increase patient's comfort. Because of the bulky figure of species reachable for study, the effective development of novel naturally taking place anti-inflammatory drugs is mostly dependent on a multidisciplinary approach to discovering new chemicals. Despite the statistic that many review papers have been produced in this field, the conventional of them simply examined the issue from an area perspective. Several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been shown to reduce inflammation and pain by decreasing the isoform of the cyclooxygenase enzyme's digestion of arachidonic acid, hence lowering prostaglandin production. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have a host of harmful effects. There are, however, medicinal herbs with anti-inflammatory pharmacological properties that have few or no negative effects.
Anti-Inflammatory Constituents of Plants: A Review
Inflammation is seen as a protective response of tissues to harmful stimuli and inflammatory disorders are synonymous to man's existence owing to lifestyle changes, environmental hazards and genealogical influences. In many folk medicines, crude drugs are the first line treatment in these conditions. The aim of this review was to survey some anti-inflammatory constituents from plant sources, their mechanism(s) of actions and their structural types using some published academic articles. The survey revealed many chemical moieties as anti-inflammatory agents and also implicated alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, steroid, coumarin and anthraquinone as the major chemical classes of compounds with various mechanisms of actions that are associated with anti-inflammatory processes. This study lends credence to the fact that there are many chemical entities in plants that could serve as anti-inflammatory agents and also concludes the involvement of many chemical classes of compounds as anti-inflammatory in activity.
Anti-Inflammatory Agents from Plants: Progress and Potential
Current Medicinal Chemistry
The identification of substances that can promote the resolution of inflammation in a way that is homeostatic, modulatory, efficient, and well-tolerated by the body is of fundamental importance. Traditional medicines have long provided front-line pharmacotherapy for many millions of people worldwide. Medicinal extracts are a rich source of therapeutic leads for the pharmaceutical industry. The use of medicinal plant therapies to treat chronic illness, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is thus widespread and on the rise.The aim of this review is to present recent progress in clinical anti-inflammatory studies of plant extracts and compound leads such as green tea polyphenols, curcumin, resveratrol, boswellic acid, and cucurbitacins, among others, against chronic inflammatory diseases, mainly RA and IBD. In this context, the present paper also highlights the most promising experimental data on those plant extracts and pure compounds active in animal models of the aforementioned diseases.
A method of selecting plants with anti-inflammatory potential for pharmacological study
Natural Product …, 2008
In searching for anti-inflammatory agents from Australian medicinal plants, a method of selecting plants with antiinflammatory potential for chemical and pharmacological study was developed and is described in this paper. The method was based on the cross-referencing of ethnopharmacological information documented in Australian bush medicine and Chinese herbal medicine. Our hypothesis was that plants that have been used in several geographically different cultures for the same or similar medicinal purposes would be highly probable to possess some common chemical and pharmacological properties, and therefore might warrant scientific investigation. The Chinese ethnopharmacological information was used as "standard" references to select Australian plants with anti-inflammatory potential. From 284 plants documented in Australian bush medicine and 882 plants in Chinese herbal medicine, 58 Australian plants and 41 Chinese plants were identified to have potential anti-inflammatory activity. The traditional use of the identified Australian and Chinese plants to treat inflammatory conditions, botanical names, modes of preparation and administration, and chemical constituents were compiled to form a Chinese and an Australian dataset using Microsoft Access. By cross-referencing the ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry of the plants in the two datasets, fourteen Australian plants were selected for laboratory study. Testing of these plants with respect to inhibitory activity against cyclooxygenases (COX) and lipoxygenases (LOX) showed that the majority of the plants (>85%) exhibited anti-inflammatory activity. Bioassay-guided isolation and spectroscopic identification of active constituents in three species were conducted. Racemosic acid was characterised as a new compound with anti-inflammatory activity from Ficus racemosa, together with a known compound bergenin. Triterpene-fatty acid esters were identified in Tinospora smilacina. HPLC fractions from Clematis pickeringii inhibited COX and LOX and also triggered peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs). This method of cross-referencing ethnopharmacological information to select plants with anti-inflammatory potential appears to be productive, and may be more widely applicable for the selection of plants for other pharmacological and chemical studies.
A review on medicinal plants as a source of anti-inflammatory agents
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2021
Natural plants are one of the most important sources of medicines, since ancient's time plants have been used to treat wide range of diseases. Nowadays, many drugs have been developed from traditional medicinal plants. Inflammation is body's immune response to any kind of injury. There are four primary indicators of inflammation: redness, heat or warmness, pain and swelling. This report constitutes an updated review of some medicinal plants and their marker compound having anti-inflammatory activity with in-vitro and in-vivo study models for assessing anti-inflammatory activity of medicinal plant, plant extract or pure compound.
An Overview on Plants with Anti-Inflammatory Potential
International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, 2017
Inflammation is a protective mechanism of the body which involves vascular tissues, plasma proteins or cells and chemical mediators for the removal of hazardous stimuli like pathogens, allergens, irritants or cell damage and initiates the healing process. Anti-inflammatory drugs like steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used to treat inflammation. Recently, the synthetic drugs shows a number of side effects such as kidney failure, ulceration and bleeding, liver damage etc. Therefore a search for the other substitute with no or less side effects is necessary. Plants are used from ancient times to treat various serious disorders. Plant constitutes a large number of chemicals which are responsible for the treatment of disease in an archaistic manner. The present review was pile up various plants with anti-inflammatory potential.
Anti-inflammatory medicinal plants and the molecular mechanisms underlying their activities
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2015
Background: Medicinal plant and plant products have shown tremendous potentials and are used beneficially in the treatment of inflammation and in the management of diseases with significant inflammatory components. Many medicinal plants employed as anti-inflammatory and antiphlogistic remedies lack the gastro-erosive side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) or the plethora of unwanted side effects associated with steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In order to harness and optimise the applications of these herbs in inflammatory diseases, there is a need to understand how these herbs produce their anti-inflammatory actions. Materials and Methods: This paper is a review of some anti-inflammatory herbs and their molecular mechanisms of action. A literature search and analysis of published manuscript was employed to x-ray research findings that show how medicinal plants produce anti-inflammatory activities. Results: Many studies have shown that anti-inflammatory activities of herbal extracts and herb-derived compounds are mainly due to their inhibition of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism, cyclo-oxygenase (COX), lipo-oxygenase (LOX), pro-inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide, and transcription activation factor (NF-κB). Some anti-inflammatory medicinal herbs are reported to stabilize lysosomal membrane and some cause the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation of intracellular signalling molecules. Many have also been shown to possess strong oxygen radical scavenging activities. Conclusion: Most of the mechanisms by which anti-inflammatory medicinal plants act are related and many herbal products have been shown to act through a combination of these molecular pathways.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2019
Inflammation is one of the common events in the majority of acute as well as chronic debilitating diseases and represent a chief cause of morbidity in today's era of modern lifestyle. If unchecked, inflammation leads to development of rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and atherosclerosis along with pulmonary, autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases. Inflammation involves a complex network of many mediators, a variety of cells, and execution of multiple pathways. Current therapy for inflammatory diseases is limited to the steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. The chronic use of these drugs is reported to cause severe adverse effects like gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal abnormalities. There is a massive need to explore new anti-inflammatory agents with selective action and lesser toxicity. Plants and isolated phytoconstituents are promising and interesting sources of new anti-inflammatories. However, drug development from natural sources has been linked with hurdles like the complex nature of extracts, difficulties in isolation of pure phytoconstituents, and the yield of isolated compounds in minute quantities that is insufficient for subsequent lead development. Although various in-vivo and in-vitro models for anti-inflammatory drug development are available, judicious selection of appropriate animal models is a vital step in the early phase of drug development. Systematic evaluation of phytoconstituents can facilitate the identification and development of potential anti-inflammatory leads from natural sources. The present review describes various techniques of anti-inflammatory drug screening with its advantages and limitations, elaboration on biological targets of phytoconstituents in inflammation and biomarkers for the prediction of adverse effects of anti-inflammatory drugs. The systematic approach proposed through present article for anti-inflammatory drug screening can rationalize the identification of novel phytoconstituents at the initial stage of drug screening programs.
At glance to the plants having anti-inflammatory activity: A review
The Journal of Phytopharmacology
From time immemorial man is dependent on plants. The human body has a natural affinity to plants and their products, which are easily absorbed as well as healthier. Medicinal plants are used in treatment of almost all disease. Plants are vast source of active biological compound for new drugs which are safer as well as cost effective. Inflammation is biological response of the human immune system that can be triggered by a variety of factors like damaged cells, toxic compounds, and pathogens. Conventional drugs used for treatment of inflammation has so many disadvantages thus people looking forward safer and effective drug. Various plants are traditionally used in treatment of inflammatory conditions. This review includes some traditionally used herbal plants as an anti-inflammatory drug.
Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 2015
The present study was carried out to evaluate in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of selected medicinal plants used in Indian traditional medication. The sequentially extracted plant samples as, Cissus quadrangularis, Plumbago zeylanica, Terminalia bellarica and Terminalia chebula in water, ethanol and hexane were evaluated in-vitro for COX-1 and 2 inhibitory and antioxidant activities. The in vivo antiinflammatory activity of selected samples showing promising COX-2 inhibition was assessed using carrageenan and Phorbol Myristate Acetate (PMA) induced mice edema animal model. The results obtained reveals that most of the plants were found to inhibit COX-2 activity as compared to COX-1. It was observed that the extracts of T. bellarica (73.34 %) and T. chebula (74.81 %) showed significant COX-2 selective inhibition as compared to other samples. The ethanol extract of the selected plants demonstrated effective DPPH, OH and superoxide radical scavenging activity. In vivo anti-inflammatory study shows that, T. bellarica and T. chebulla had a significant impact on inhibition of edema formation. The cytotoxicity evaluation study of ethanolic fraction of selected medicinal plants indicates that the selected samples have no effect on cell viability. HPTLC fingerprint of flavonoids of the selected samples was also prepared as a measure of quality control. The results obtained may be useful in strengthening the standardization of the selected botanicals. Moreover the selected plants can be considered as a resource for searching novel anti-inflammatory agents possessing COX-2 inhibition.