ANN-based appliance recognition from low-frequency energy monitoring data (original) (raw)
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Non-Intrusive Appliance Identification with Appliance-Specific Networks Zhaoyuan Fang Yuting Tian
2019 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 2019
Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) is a technique for load identification and energy disaggregation. The problem is usually formulated as a single-channel blind source separation. NILM algorithms aim to identify the operating characteristics of individual appliances from aggregate power measurement. Recent advances in deep learning gave rise to many methods that mostly focus on learning a direct mapping from aggregate measurement to individual appliance power, but these methods often suffer from overfitting and don't generalize well. In this paper, we propose a novel NILM method that leverages advances in both supervised and unsupervised learning techniques. The proposed method consists of three stages: a) a Bayesian non-parametric learning-based approach is used to extract appliance states; b) synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) is employed to mitigate the heavy imbalance in switching events present in the NILM problem; and c) lightweight long short-term memory (LSTM) networks are employed for status classification for each appliance. We argue that making the differences before and after the switching event as the input to the networks can reduce complexity of network training and makes the proposed method robust to multi-appliance scenarios. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, achieving better performance when compared to recent methods. Furthermore, an ablation study is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of each module of our method.
Machine learning approaches for electric appliance classification
2012 11th International Conference on Information Science, Signal Processing and their Applications (ISSPA), 2012
We report on the development of an innovative system which can automatically recognize home appliances based on their electric consumption profiles. The purpose of our system is to apply adequate rules to control electric appliance in order to save energy and money. The novelty of our approach is in the use of plug-based low-end sensors that measure the electric consumption at low frequency, typically every 10 seconds. Another novelty is the use of machine learning approaches to perform the classification of the appliances. In this paper, we present the system architecture, the data acquisition protocol and the evaluation framework. More details are also given on the feature extraction and classification models being used. The evaluation showed promising results with a correct rate of identification of 85%.
Non-Intrusive Appliance Identification with Appliance-Specific Networks
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications , 2020
The problem of Non-Instrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) is usually formulated as a single-channel blind source separation task, whose successful solution enable fast and convenient load identification and energy disaggregation. When applied at test time, NILM algorithms aim to identify the operating characteristics of individual appliances from an aggregate power measurement of the entire house. Recent advances in deep learning gave rise to many methods that mostly focus on learning a direct mapping from aggregate measurement to individual appliance power. However, these methods are not only computationally expensive, but they often suffer from overfitting and don't generalize very well. In this paper, we propose a novel NILM method that leverages advances in statistical learning that haven't been properly applied in this domain before. The proposed method consists of three stages: a) a Bayesian non-parametric learning-based approach for appliance state extraction; b) synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) for data augmentation and mitigating the heavy imbalance in switching events; and c) appliance-specific lightweight long short-term memory (LSTM) networks for status classification for each appliance. We adopt a “differential” input (the difference before and after the switching event) to reduce the complexity of network training and make the proposed method robust to multi-appliance switching events. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, achieving superior performance when compared to recent methods. An ablation study is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of each module of our method. Finally, we investigate the quality of generated synthetic samples.
Transfer learning for non-intrusive load monitoring and appliance identification in a smart home
arXiv (Cornell University), 2023
Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) or energy disaggregation is an inverse problem whereby the goal is to extract the load profiles of individual appliances, given an aggregate load profile of the mains of a home. NILM could help identify the power usage patterns of individual appliances in a home, and thus, could help realize novel energy conservation schemes for smart homes. In this backdrop, this work proposes a novel deep-learning approach to solve the NILM problem and a few related problems as follows. 1) We build upon the reputed seq2-point convolutional neural network (CNN) model to come up with the proposed seq2-[3]-point CNN model to solve the (home) NILM problem and site-NILM problem (basically, NILM at a smaller scale). 2) We solve the related problem of appliance identification by building upon the state-of-the-art (pretrained) 2D-CNN models, i.e., AlexNet, ResNet-18, and DenseNet-121, which are trained upon two custom datasets that consist of Wavelets and short-time Fourier transform (STFT)-based 2D electrical signatures of the appliances. 3) Finally, we do some basic qualitative inference about an individual appliance's health by comparing the power consumption of the same appliance across multiple homes. Low-frequency REDD dataset is used to train and test the proposed deep learning models for all problems, except site-NILM where REFIT dataset has been used. As for the results, we achieve a maximum accuracy of 94.6% for home-NILM, 81% for site-NILM, and 88.9% for appliance identification (with Resnet-based model).
A Machine-Learning Based Nonintrusive Smart Home Appliance Status Recognition
Mathematical Problems in Engineering
In a smart home, the nonintrusive load monitoring recognition scheme normally achieves high appliance recognition performance in the case where the appliance signals have widely varying power levels and signature characteristics. However, it becomes more difficult to recognize appliances with equal or very close power specifications, often with almost identical signature characteristics. In literature, complex methods based on transient event detection and multiple classifiers that operate on different hand crafted features of the signal have been proposed to tackle this issue. In this paper, we propose a deep learning approach that dispenses with the complex transient event detection and hand crafting of signal features to provide high performance recognition of close tolerance appliances. The appliance classification is premised on the deep multilayer perceptron having three appliance signal parameters as input to increase the number of trainable samples and hence accuracy. In the...
Non-Intrusive Electrical Appliances Monitoring and Classification using K-Nearest Neighbors
2019 2nd International Conference on Innovation in Engineering and Technology (ICIET), 2019
Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) is the method of detecting an individual device's energy signal from an aggregated energy consumption signature [1]. As existing energy meters provide very little to no information regarding the energy consumptions of individual appliances apart from the aggregated power rating, the spotting of individual appliances' energy usages by NILM will not only provide consumers the feedback of appliance-specific energy usage but also lead to the changes of their consumption behavior which facilitate energy conservation. B Neenan et al. [2] have demonstrated that direct individual appliance-specific energy usage signals lead to consumers' behavioral changes which improves energy efficiency by as much as 15%. Upon disaggregation of an energy signal, the signal needs to be classified according to the appropriate appliance. Hence, the goal of this paper is to disaggregate total energy consumption data to individual appliance signature and then classify appliance-specific energy loads using a prominent supervised classification method known as K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN). To perform this operation we have used a publicly accessible dataset of power signals from several houses known as the REDD dataset. Before applying KNN, data is preprocessed for each device. Then KNN is applied to check whether their energy consumption signature is separable or not. KNN is applied with K=5.
Real-Time Recognition and Profiling of Appliances through a Single Electricity Sensor
2010 7th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON), 2010
Sensing, monitoring and actuating systems are expected to play a key role in reducing buildings overall energy consumption. Leveraging sensor systems to support energy efficiency in buildings poses novel research challenges in monitoring space usage, controlling devices, interfacing with smart energy meters and communicating with the energy grid. In the attempt of reducing electricity consumption in buildings, identifying individual sources of energy consumption is key to generate energy awareness and improve efficiency of available energy resources usage. Previous work studied several non-intrusive load monitoring techniques to classify appliances; however, the literature lacks of an comprehensive system that can be easily installed in existing buildings to empower users profiling, benchmarking and recognizing loads in real-time. This has been a major reason holding back the practice adoption of load monitoring techniques. In this paper we present RECAP: RECognition of electrical Appliances and Profiling in real-time. RECAP uses a single wireless energy monitoring sensor easily clipped to the main electrical unit. The energy monitoring unit transmits energy data wirelessly to a local machine for data processing and storage. The RECAP system consists of three parts: (1) Guiding the user for profiling electrical appliances within premises and generating a database of unique appliance signatures; (2) Using those signatures to train an artificial neural network that is then employed to recognize appliance activities (3) Providing a Load descriptor to allow peer appliance benchmarking. RECAP addresses the need of an integrated and intuitive tool to empower building owners with energy awareness. Enabling real-time appliance recognition is a stepping-stone towards reducing energy consumption and allowing a number of major applications including load-shifting techniques, energy expenditure breakdown per appliance, detection of power hungry and faulty appliances, and recognition of occupant activity. This paper describes the system design and performance evaluation in domestic environment.
IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2022
With the low integration costs and quick development cycle of all-IP-based 5G+ technologies, it is not surprising that the proliferation of IP devices for residential or industrial purposes is ubiquitous. Energy scheduling/management and automated device recognition are popular research areas in the engineering community, and much time and work have been invested in producing the systems required for smart city networks. However, most proposed approaches involve expensive and invasive equipment that produces huge volumes of data (high-frequency complexity) for analysis by supervised learning algorithms. In contrast to other studies in the literature, we propose an approach based on encoding consumption data into vehicular mobility and imaging systems to apply a simple convolutional neural network to recognize certain scenarios (devices powered on) in real-time and based on the Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) paradigm. Our idea is based on a very cheap device and can be adapted at a very low cost for any real scenario. We have also created our own dataset, taken from a real domestic environment, contrary to most existing works based on synthetic data. The results of the study's simulation demonstrate the effectiveness of this innovative and low-cost approach and its scalability in function of the number of considered appliances.
Deep Learning-Based Energy Disaggregation and On/Off Detection of Household Appliances
ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data, 2021
Energy disaggregation, a.k.a. Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring, aims to separate the energy consumption of individual appliances from the readings of a mains power meter measuring the total energy consumption of, e.g., a whole house. Energy consumption of individual appliances can be useful in many applications, e.g., providing appliance-level feedback to the end users to help them understand their energy consumption and ultimately save energy. Recently, with the availability of large-scale energy consumption datasets, various neural network models such as convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks have been investigated to solve the energy disaggregation problem. Neural network models can learn complex patterns from large amounts of data and have been shown to outperform the traditional machine learning methods such as variants of hidden Markov models. However, current neural network methods for energy disaggregation are either computational expensive or are not capab...
Representation Learning for Appliance Recognition: A Comparison to Classical Machine Learning
arXiv (Cornell University), 2022
Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) aims at energy consumption and appliance state information retrieval from aggregated consumption measurements, with the help of signal processing and machine learning algorithms. Representation learning with deep neural networks is successfully applied to several related disciplines. The main advantage of representation learning lies in replacing an expert-driven, hand-crafted feature extraction with hierarchical learning from many representations in raw data format. In this paper, we show how the NILM processing-chain can be improved, reduced in complexity and alternatively designed with recent deep learning algorithms. On the basis of an event-based appliance recognition approach, we evaluate seven different classification models: a classical machine learning approach that is based on a hand-crafted feature extraction, three different deep neural network architectures for automated feature extraction on raw waveform data, as well as three baseline approaches for raw data processing. We evaluate all approaches on two large-scale energy consumption datasets with more than 50,000 events of 44 appliances. We show that with the use of deep learning, we are able to reach and surpass the performance of the state-of-the-art classical machine learning approach for appliance recognition with an F-Score of 0.75 and 0.86 compared to 0.69 and 0.87 of the classical approach.