Environments of the poor diagram (shorter) (2008) (original) (raw)
Related papers
What_does_it_mean_to_be_poor_framing_dif.pdf
CAB Reviews, 2010
‘Poverty’ is probably one of the most contested terms within development discourse. Development professionals have, over the years, attempted to capture the essence of what being poor means by applying a number of criteria focusing on economics and monetary factors, by defining basic needs, or concentrating on the capabilities of the poor. Lately, the notion that poverty is multidimensional and therefore cannot be reduced to a sum of lacks, but includes a number of material, social and psychological deprivations, has become widespread. However, using one or another definition is not without implication both for targeting and the solutions proposed. Indeed, the focus on the economic poverty implies a number of actions addressing economic issues, whereas the focus on the multidimensional aspects requires a wider perspective. An important point is to ensure that our notion of poverty corresponds to what poverty means to the poor. Indeed, with the inclusion of the ‘voices of the poor’, development professionals hoped to obtain a better understanding of the experience of poverty. Nevertheless, despite the efforts, the definition of poverty is still contested. Thus, the objective of the paper is to review the various notions of poverty presented within the development discourse and to discuss their implications for policy initiatives and development interventions.
2017
For 4 days, from the 20th to the 24th of March 2016, about 500 people among scholars, activists, and artists convened in Stockholm for Undisciplined Environments, the International Conference of the European Network of Political Ecology (ENTITLE)
Poverty is the lack of what is necessary for material wellbeing especially food, shelter, water, clothing and other assets. It’s the lack of multiple resources that leads to hunger and physical deprivation. Poor people lack a voice, power and independence that subjects them to exploitation. They are unable to maintain their cultural identity due to lack of participation in decision which causes things to be done contrary to their way of doing things. It’s a multidimensional phenomena that results from interlocking factors that cluster into poor people’s experiences and definitions. Due to its nature poverty has a relationship with the environment. This is because poverty has an influence on many factors that influence the environment ranging from incomes and population aspects. Poverty also has alot of influence in the way people do things ranging from the way they plan to the activities in which they undertake to earn a living. This is because the planning the time horizon of the poor is very short since they are normally concerned with the immediate survival needs and depend directly on the environment. Thus the poor are not preoccupied with issues of intergenerational equity or sustainable development. The poor due to their situations also experience a lot of things which have a bearing on the environment at the end of the day. This is because there is widespread inequality which does not favor the poor whenever environmental resources are degraded and thus become scarce thus expensive. There is also the issue of lack of empowerment by the poor which denies them a voice to advocate for the right environment. The poor are thus also exploited as long as the environment is concerned. There is also the issue of the poor not being fully involved in decision making in issues concerning the environment. These and many other factors perpetuate their poverty hence increasing their contribution to the degradation of the environment as they attempt to desperately survive without room to think about the future but at the moments pressing matter of life or death problem. The poor also lack the skills and technologies necessary for the adoption to degraded environment or also the engagement in alternative non degrading activities for earning an income. This is normally brought about by lack of education or resources necessary to enable this access. Due to illiteracy the poor often lack the awareness on linkages that exist between the environment and their activities. Poor nations also often find themselves engaging in activities that are bad for the environment due to various pressing needs ranging from debt burdens to need for foreign exchange and also the need to fund various essential development activities. They may also lack the resources necessary to develop infrastructure necessary for environmental management e.g. monitoring systems or even for the enforcement of environmental legislation. Poverty at the end of the day may however be good for environment when it helps in avoiding the excessive consumption often exemplified by the rich. This is seen especially in the more advanced forms of pollution such as global warming and ozone layer depletion. This is because the poor will mostly cause the more straight forward forms of pollution such as poor waste disposal. In this report we wish to portray the relationship that exists between the poor and the environment. This is based on research done through various sources information including existing literature and observation. Graphics have also been put into use in order to give a more elaborate picture of the relationship.
2015
To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in Nottingham ePrints has been checked for eligibility before being made available.
British Veterinary Journal, 1986
The welfare of an individual is its state as regards its attempts to cope with its environment. Coping can sometimes be achieved with little effort and expenditure of resources, in which case the individual's welfare is satisfactory. Or it may fail to cope at all, in which case its welfare is obviously poor. Or, if the individual does cope with the conditions it encounters, this may be easy, with little expenditure of resources, or may be difficult taking much time and energy, in which case welfare is deemed to be poor. one approach to the improvement of welfare lies in the design of `housing systems' on the basis of either what animals choose to do in semi-natural environments (Stolba & Wood-Gush, 1984), or their choice as to their preferred conditions in experimental situations (Baldwin & Ingram, 1967 ; Hughes, 1976 ; dawkins, 1983). The approach summarised here involves both the assessment of indicators of poor welfare, and the comparison of housing systems, or treatments, so as to recognise and excise the causes of poor welfare. The indicators of poor welfare are of two general types, the one demonstrating that an individual has failed to cope with an environment, the other indicating the effort involved and the extent of an individual's attempts at coping. Failure to cope with the effects of an environment may involve increased mortality, a reduction in the numbers of offspring surviving or a delay in the production of offspring. Sometimes these can be measured directly, but they may also be indicated by increases in the incidence of disease, reduced offspring size, reduced milk production or reduced growth rate. When using such welfare indicators it is the welfare of each individual rather than that of the group as a whole, which must be assessed. For example, if either growth rate, or reproductive success, are being measured, a shortage of food might lead to effects on all the individuals present which would indicate a decrease in welfare. However, it is more common, when animals are in groups, for the welfare of some animals to be good but for social factors to result in others failing to obtain sufficient food or in their being adversely affected in other ways. Whilst average growth rate, or reproductive output may be normal, the welfare of some individuals may be poor ; consequently, either the system should be changed, or alternative provision made for these individuals. Although certain parasite and pathogen infections have little effect on the host, the welfare of most diseased animals is poor and disease reduction is a most important part of welfare improvement. In addition to providing direct information about welfare, disease
2017
For 4 days, from the 20th to the 24th of March 2016, about 500 people among scholars, activists, and artists convened in Stockholm for Undisciplined Environments, the International Conference of the European Network of Political Ecology (ENTITLE)