Effectiveness of control strategies against Botrytis cinerea in vineyard and evaluation of the residual fungicide concentrations (original) (raw)
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The sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr. to new botryticides in the protection of vineyards
Plant Protection Science, 2017
Botrytis cinerea, the cause of grey mould, is a 1999 we conducted trials in order to analyse the efficacy of the pyrimethanil, cyprodinil and fenhexamide and to test sensitivity of B. cinerea to them in vineyard in which these ingredients had been applied intensively, but also in vineyards where they had never been used. Resistant B. cinerea strains to each ingredient were determined in both types of vineyards.
Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 2019
A monitoring was conducted in 35 commercial vineyards located in Piedmont (North-West Italy) in September 2018 to test the sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea populations to the fungicides that were commonly used in the past and at present: benzimidazoles, dicarboximides, anilinopyrimidines, phenylpyrroles, hydroxyanilides and SDHI fungicides. Sensitivity was tested by evaluating the spore germination on a medium amended with a discriminatory concentration of the different tested botryticides. Conidial suspensions were prepared from infected, randomly sampled bunches and used for the tests. In comparison with the years 2008-2014, the following trend was recorded: benzimidazole resistance was quite stable and was found in about 50% of the vineyards involved in the monitoring; dicarboximide resistance had disappeared in the tested samples, while the frequency of resistance to anilinopyrimidines had increased; the resistance to fenhexamid had decreased; in the case of boscalid, the presence of resistance was quite stable; no resistance to phenylpyrroles was found, although the high discriminatory dose used for fludioxonil cannot exclude the presence in the tested vineyards of low levels of resistance to this fungicide, typical of multidrug-resistant strains.
Crop Protection, 2015
During 2009-2013, 302 single-spore isolates of Botrytis cinerea were collected from vineyards located in the most important site of table grape production in Sicily, recognized by the European Community as Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) 'Mazzarrone grape'. In preliminary studies, all isolates were tested in vitro for their sensitivity to six fungicides belonging to the following groups: benzimidazoles, dicarboximides, anilinopyrimidines, succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, hydroxyanilides and phenylpyrroles. In these tests, 45.7% of the isolates were found to be resistant to at least one fungicide. Specific resistance to pyrimethanil was found in 30.8% of the isolates, whereas 13.9, 10.3 and 7.6% of the isolates exhibited resistance to carbendazim, iprodione and boscalid, respectively. No isolates resistant to fenhexamid and fludioxonil were detected within our dataset of B. cinerea isolates. However, 30 B. cinerea isolates possessed multiple resistance to two or more fungicides. In detail, 8 isolates were simultaneously resistant to four fungicides, whereas 5 and 17 isolates were resistant to three and two fungicides, respectively. For boscalid, 11/23 of isolates showing in vitro resistance possessed a mutation at the SdhB gene, whereas all isolates resistant to carbendazim and iprodione possessed mutations at β-tubulin and BcOS1 histidine kinase genes, respectively. Accordingly, these fungicides failed to control grey mould infections caused by resistant or reduced sensitivity isolates on grape berries and grapevine leaves whereas the sensitive isolates were effectively managed by all fungicides applied at label rates. This study represents the first report of B. cinerea field isolates resistant and/or with simultaneous resistance to several botryticides from table grape vineyards in Sicily. Therefore, current strategies for fungicide resistance management of B. cinerea could be negatively affected in future.
Ciencia e investigación agraria, 2007
R.A. Serey, R. Torres, and B.A. Latorre. 2007. Pre-and post-infection activity of new fungicides against Botrytis cinerea and other fungi causing decay of table grapes. Cien. Inv. Agr. 34(3):215-224. Pre-and post-harvest diseases restrict table grape production and exports (Vitis vinifera L.) in Chile, with the most important disease being grey mold (Botrytis cinerea). In addition, rot due to Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium herbarum, Penicillium expansum, and Rhizopus stolonifer frequently occurs. The pre-and post-infection activity of fungicides against r these pathogens was studied on Thompson Seedless table grapes. Detached, mature, berries were used, and inoculations were performed with 20 μL of a 10 6 spores•mL-1 suspension placed on three punctures aseptically made at the calyx end of each berry. Fungicides used (per liter) were boscalid (600 mg), boscalid (200 mg) + pyraclostrobin (100 mg), boscalid (200 mg) + kresoxim methyl (100 mg), cyprodinil (60 mg) + fl udioxonil (40 mg), BAS 600 KBF (100 mg) + metrafenone (150 mg), BAS 600 KBF (200 mg) + boscalid (300 mg), BAS 600 KBF (100 mg) + pyraclostrobin (100 mg), and captan (400 mg). Each fungicide was applied either by drop (12 μL•berry-1) placed on three punctures made with a sterile hypodermic needle or by 60 s immersion. Berries were then incubated in humid chambers at 20ºC. The pre-infection (protection) activity of the fungicides varied considerably among the pathogens tested and was found to be signifi cant (p < 0.001) and, with one exception (A. niger), it was signifi cantly (p < 0.002) affected by the application method. The interaction between fungicide and application method was only signifi cant (p < 0.001) for R. stolonifer at 48 h post treatment. In general, pre-infection activity gave 0 to 4 days protection after drop applications and 0 to 21 days after immersion treatments. The post-infection (curative) activity varied among pathogens and fungicide treatments. However, it was always below 24 h.
Crop Protection, 2017
The use of several microbial biocontrol agents to combat Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould, has been studied. However, only a few microorganisms have been developed as biofungicides, which are currently used in some countries, mostly in organic farming. The main reason for the limited market uptake of microbial biofungicides is their debated variable efficacy. To cope with poor survival in the canopy, due to unfavourable environmental conditions or their intrinsic lower level of disease control compared to synthetic chemical fungicides, use of a mixture of two or more microorganisms with different environmental requirements and mechanisms of action has been proposed with contrasting results. However, their use in strategies involving calculated timing of the microbial biocontrol agents, taking into consideration their mechanism of action in relation to the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the disease, has never been attempted in relation to combating grey mould on grapes. The results of four years of trials in three locations in Northern and Central Italy show that Trichoderma atroviride, Aureobasidium pullulans and Bacillus subtilis, applied at bunch-closure, veraison and pre-harvest, respectively, controlled B. cinerea on bunches very satisfactorily, and the results did not differ from those obtained with a strategy combining the three biofungicides, applied at the aforementioned stages. Colonisation of berries by each of the different microbial biocontrol agents at harvest time did not differ for individual treatments or when applied in the combined strategy, suggesting that the microorganisms did not negatively interfere with each other and that they may possibly occupy different ecological niches. The high level of efficacy of the tested biocontrol agents against grey mould can be explained with the relatively low-medium level of the disease, their integration with agronomic practices or the optimal timing of the treatment.
Managing Botrytis cinerea on tomatoes in greenhouses in the Mediterranean
Crop Protection, 1995
Nine experiments were carried out from 1989 to 1992 in Israel and in northern Italy in greenhouseproduced tomatoes infected with Botrytis cinerea Pers., Fr. In Israel B. cinerea affected leaves, stems and fruits (both rot and ghost spot symptoms were apparent). In Italy, the only symptom of the disease was fruit rot. Several fungicides, fungicide mixtures and spraying programmes were applied. Some trials also included a biological preparation based on Trichoderma harzianum isolates T39 and TF. Although a dicarboximide-resistant population of the pathogen existed in all greenhouses, dicarboximide fungicides (iprodione or procymidone) applied alone suppressed the disease by 4CL88%, as effectively as its mixture with thiram, dichlofluanid or tebuconazole. Similar disease suppression was achieved by mixtures of tebuconazole + dichlofluanid and carbendazim + diethofencarb. Trichoderma harzianum T39 alone reduced disease by 31-82% but in more than half of the cases the reduction was non-significant. Disease control achieved by the biocontrol preparations did not differ significantly @ = 0.05) from that achieved by the chemical fungicides. Adequate control was achieved when the biocontrol and the chemical products were applied alternately although the quantity of chemical sprays was reduced by one half. The consistency among treatments in the various trials with respect to percent disease control was greater in the T. harzianum-fungicide alternation treatments, than that in the T. harzianum or the fungicide treatments applied alone.
Botrytis gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is an important pathogen of grapevines all over the world. In order to determine the intensity of B. cinerea attack on mature grapes and efficiency of botryticides (cv. Traminac -iprodion, pyrimethanil, fludioxinil + cyprodinil; cv. Graševina -fenhexamid, fludioxinil+cyprodinil, tebuconazol+diclofluanid) a two-year experiment (2001)(2002) was set up on locations Mladice (Traminac) and Škomić (Graševina). By evaluation of the intensity of B. cinerea infection on the Graševina and Traminac grapes the strongest infection determined on the control, and the weakest on the variant with botryticides Switch. Comparison of infection intensity on the Traminac grapes with the Graševina grapes led to no differences concerning the sensitivity of varieties. The disease intensity primarily depended on climate conditions. Both experimental years were charactized by the quantity of precipitation in the vine-yards which were in favour of the high humidity allowing high disease intensity.
The plant pathology journal, 2016
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen causing a major problem in the export and post-harvest of strawberries. Inappropriate use of fungicides leads to resistance among fungal pathogens. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the sensitivity of B. cinerea to various classes of fungicide and to determine the effectiveness of different concentrations of commonly used fungicides. We thus evaluated the effectiveness of six classes of fungicide in inhibiting the growth and development of this pathogen, namely, fludioxonil, iprodione, pyrimethanil, tebuconazole, fenpyrazamine, and boscalid. Fludioxonil was the most effective (EC50 < 0.1 μg/ml), and pyrimethanil was the least effective (EC50 = 50 μg/ml), at inhibiting the mycelial growth of B. cinerea. Fenpyrazamine and pyrimethanil showed relatively low effectiveness in inhibiting the germination and conidial production of B. cinerea. Our results are useful for the management of B. cinerea and as a basis for monitoring the sensiti...
Plant Disease, 2008
Fifty-five isolates of Botrytis cinerea collected from vegetable crops were used to determine the pathogen's baseline sensitivity to two new fungicides: boscalid, which inhibits the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in the electron transport chain, and pyraclostrobin, which blocks electron transport between cytochrome b and cytochrome c1. Measurement of sensitivity to boscalid was based on both inhibition of mycelial growth and spore germination, while measurement of sensitivity to pyraclostrobin was based only on inhibition of spore germination. For both fungicides, the sensitivity distribution was a unimodal curve, with a mean EC50 value (effective concentration that reduces mycelial growth or spore germination by 50%) of 0.033 μg ml-1 for pyraclostrobin and 2.09 and 2.14 μg ml-1 for boscalid based on the inhibition of mycelial growth and spore germination, respectively. No cross-sensitivity relationship was observed between the two fungicides (r = 0.09). In addition, no cross-re...
Factors influencing activity of triazole fungicides towards Botrytis cinerea
Crop Protection, 1996
The activity of triazole fungicides towards Botrytis cinerea was investigated in vitro (radial growth on fungicide-amended agar) and in vivo (foliar-sprayed tomato plants and dip-treated grapes). In both tests the benzimidazoles, benomyl and thiabendazole, and the dicarboximides, iprodione and vinclozolin, were used as reference fungicides. In all experiments benomyl and tebuconazole proved to be the most active fungicides. The transfer ratio, which is defined as the ratio between the ECUS (the concentration inhibiting growth by 50%) of a particular fungicide determined in vivo and in vitro, was lowest for benomyl. The transfer ratio of tebuconazole was comparable to or lower than that of vinclozolin. Hence, no obvious correlation between in vitro and in vivo activity was observed. Field rates of tebuconazole recommended for control of B. cinerea are relatively low compared to those of benzimidazoles and dicarboximides. Tomato leaf homogenates and various biological compounds antagonized the activity of triazoles and dicarboximides but did not affect inhibitory potency of benzimidazoles. It is suggested that the factors mentioned account only partly for the limited field performance of triazoles towards B. cinerea .