Global Scenario of Canine Parvovirus Mutants: Epidemiology, Diagnostics and Immunoprophylactic Agents (original) (raw)
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journal of veterinary science and medical diagnosis, 2017
Canine Parvovirus (CPV 2), a member of genus Parvovirus, within family parvoviridae, superfamily parvovirinae, causes hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and myocarditis (parvo disease) in dogs. Since CPV 2 has been originated from Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), it has emerged into different genotypes, CPV 2a, CPV 2b and more recently CPV2c. The genome of CPV2 is 5323 bp long single stranded DNA. CPV2 is prevalent all over the world. Infected feces serve as source of parvo infection. This review describes in brief, the epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis and vaccination and treatment of CPV2 disease with special emphasis on its diagnostic methods electron microscopy (EM), virus isolation (VI), Hemagglutination (HA), immunochromatography, immunofluorescence, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real time PCR, loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and biosensors.
Canine parvovirus: the worldwide occurrence of antigenic variants
Journal of General Virology, 2016
The most important enteric virus infecting canids is canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2). CPV is the aetiologic agent of a contagious disease, mainly characterized by clinical gastroenteritis signs in younger dogs. CPV-2 emerged as a new virus in the late 1970s, which could infect domestic dogs, and became distributed in the global dog population within 2 years. A few years later, the virus's original type was replaced by a new genetic and antigenic variant, called CPV-2a. Around 1984 and 2000, virus variants with the single change to Asp or Glu in the VP2 residue 426 were detected (sometimes termed CPV-2b and-2c). The genetic and antigenic changes in the variants have also been correlated with changes in their host range; in particular, in the ability to replicate in cats and also host range differences in canine and other tissue culture cells. CPV-2 variants have been circulating among wild carnivores and have been well-documented in several countries around the world. Here, we have reviewed and summarized the current information about the worldwide distribution and evolution of CPV-2 variants since they emerged, as well as the host ranges they are associated with.
2019
Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) is one of the key pathogens of dogs causing an acute disease which is characterized by haemorrhagic enteritis, vomition and myocarditis. The dogs of any age group may be invariably affected by CPV; however, the disease is mainly fatal in pups. The genetic variation amongst CPV-2 resulted into emergence of five new genotypes (CPV-2a, CPV-2b, new CPV-2a, new CPV-2b and CPV-2c) that differ in amino acid sequences over their capsid VP2 protein. Various epidemiological surveys indicate that these newly evolved CPV variants are prevalent in different geographic regions and have completely replaced the original genotype. Despite the availability of a live modified CPV vaccine, CPV cases are regularly reported, which could be due to the appearance of these new antigenic variants. However, interference by maternalderived antibodies is one of the key factors behind CPV vaccination failure. The present chapter is focused on the general introduction about CPV, evolution of its antigenic variants and the disease pathogenesis. The various diagnostic methods from conventional to latest one are discussed in detail with their merits and demerits. In addition, the currently available strategies adopted for prevention and control of CPV infection along with various risk factors are discussed in length.
Canine parvovirus: current perspective
Indian journal of virology : an official organ of Indian Virological Society, 2010
Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) has been considered to be an important pathogen of domestic and wild canids and has spread worldwide since its emergence in 1978. It has been reported from Asia, Australia, New Zealand, the Americas and Europe. Two distinct parvoviruses are now known to infect dogs-the pathogenic CPV-2 and CPV-1 or the minute virus of canine (MVC). CPV-2, the causative agent of acute hemorrhagic enteritis and myocarditis in dogs, is one of the most important pathogenic viruses with high morbidity (100%) and frequent mortality up to 10% in adult dogs and 91% in pups. The disease condition has been complicated further due to emergence of a number of variants namely CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c over the years and involvement of domestic and wild canines. There are a number of different serological and molecular tests available for prompt, specific and accurate diagnosis of the disease. Further, both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines are available to control the disease i...
Canine Parvovirus- an Insight Into Diagnostic Aspect
Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, 2016
Canine parvovirus (CPV) leads to an acute disease, characterized by hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, vomiting and myocarditis in dogs. The disease can affect dogs of any age but is fatal in pups. CPV has undergone genetic variations that have led to emergence of various CPV-2 antigenic variants such as 2a, 2b and 2c with replacement of the original CPV-2 circulating in the dog population. CPV genome is made up of 5.2 Kb nucleotides. Viral protein VP2 plays a very important role in determining antigenicity and host range specificity of CPV. The antigenicity as well as host range of CPV is determined by virus specific VP2 protein. That’s why the mutations that affect the VP2 gene are the main source of different antigenic variants. It spreads rapidly in the wild population of canines as well as domestic animals, infected feces serve as a main source of infection because the virus is shed in large quantity in the feces particularly 4 - 7 days post infection. The present review is focused o...
Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Parvovirus-2 in Dogs
Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences & Biotechnology
Canine Parvovirus (CPV) is a most significant viral disease causing acute haemorrhagic gastroenteritis and myocarditis in puppies at the age of 3-4 months. It causes serious morbidity and mortality, in spite of the effective vaccination. Inadequate immunity and modern practices of early weaning in the kennels have predisposed the young dogs to CPV. In the present study, total 50 fecal samples were collected from dogs suspected for CPV-2 from Nagpur, India and screened by Ubioquick® VET lateral flow assay kit and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) followed by the sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of VP2 gene. Out of 50 samples, 10 (20%) were found positive by antigen detection test, 18 (36%) by Conventional PCR method. Sequence analysis revealed 98-99% homology with sequences of CPV-2b antigenic type reported in dogs from India and Srilanka.
2017
Canine parvovirus (CPV), the etiology of hemorrhagic enteritis in dogs, was first isolated as CPV type 2 (CPV-2) almost 40 years ago, and was soon replaced by the emergence of new variant types. The major viral capsid proteins encoded by the VP2 gene are the sites where amino acids are often substituted, accounting for the unusual nature of this type of DNA virus. The alteration of specific residues has contributed to different antigenic variants which have affected the evolution of virus binding and host immunity to this virus. Sequence analysis of the VP2 gene and subsequent characterization have revealed three circulating CPV-2 strains, CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c, identified by mutations at amino acid residue 426. The latter strain displays increased pathogenicity in dogs and an extended host range. The present review article aimed at updating contemporary information on epidemiological studies and surveys from CPV field work. Moreover, we pointed out some sensitive and rapid dia...
Canine parvovirus 2c infection in a cat with severe clinical disease
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 2014
Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) is considered the main pathogen responsible for acute gastroenteritis in dogs, causing vomiting and hemorrhagic enteritis mainly. However, infection in cats by CPV variants causes clinical signs similar to Feline panleukopenia virus. The current study reports a case of CPV-2c in a domestic cat, in Portugal. The findings suggest that more surveys are needed to know the true prevalence and significance of cats in CPV epidemiology worldwide.
Prevalence and molecular characterization of canine parvovirus
Veterinary World, 2021
Background and Aim: Canine parvovirus (CPV) belonging to family Parvoviridae causes hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in dogs and heavy mortality in young dogs. The virus has three structural (VP1, VP2 and VP3) and two non-structural proteins (NS1 and NS2), VP2 being highly immunogenic. This study aims to study molecular epidemiology of CPV by sequence analysis of VP2 gene to determine the prevailing antigenic type(s) in the northern regions of India. Materials and Methods: A total of 118 rectal swabs collected from dogs exhibiting clinical signs of CPV infection were processed for the isolation of DNA and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR (NPCR). A total of 13 NPCR products selected randomly were subjected to sequence analysis of VP2 gene. Results: The percent positivity of CPV was found 28% and 70% by PCR and NPCR, respectively. Dogs with vaccination history against CPV too were found positive with a percent positivity of 24.10%. Gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of VP2 gene from these isolates revealed that most samples formed a clade with CPV-2a isolates. Conclusion: Sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis of VP2 gene in the studied regions of northern India revealed that CPV-2a was the most prevalent antigenic type.