Dietary fat intake and reproductive hormone concentrations and ovulation in regularly menstruating women (original) (raw)
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The relationship between adipose fatty acid levels and age is examined in 635 Scottish fertile women aged 25-48. Fatty acids levels are highly significantly correlated with age. Factor analysis identifies four factors that account for 79.6% of variance in the data. Three Factors show significant regressions with age and patterns of involvement of specific fatty acids suggest that these Factors represent the activity of fatty acid delta-desaturase enzymes as follows: Factor 1-delta-9-desaturase, Factor 2-delta-5-desaturase, and Factor 4-delta-6-desaturase. Key changes, apparently reductions in enzyme activity, occur through the 30 and 40-year-old age groups. Such changes in enzyme function could account for decline in female fertility and increases in body fat and chronic disease common in early midlife. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 22:134-136, 2010.
Dietary Fatty Acid Intakes and the Outcomes of Assisted Reproductive Technique in Infertile Women
Journal of Reproduction & Infertility, 2021
Background: The purpose of this study was evaluating the relationship between fatty acid (FA) intakes and the Assisted Reproductive Technique (ART) out-comes in infertile women. Methods: In this descriptive longitudinal study, a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to measure dietary intakes among 217 women with primary infertility seeking ART treatments at Isfahan Fertility and Infertili-ty Center, Isfahan, Iran. The average number of total and metaphase II (MII) oocytes, the fertilization rate, the ratio of good and bad quality embryo and bio-chemical and clinical pregnancy were assessed. Analyses were performed using mean, standard deviation, Chi-square test, ANOVA, ANCOVA, logistic regres-sion. Results: A total of 140 women were finally included in the study. There was a positive relationship between the average number of total and MII oocytes and the amount of total fatty acids (TFAs), saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monoun-saturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsa...
2013
Background: Total fat and omega-3 fatty acids in the diet may affect breast cancer risk by altering estrogen metabolism. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of differing total fat and omega-3 fatty acid content of diets on a panel of urinary estrogens and metabolites. Findings: A controlled, cross-over feeding trial was conducted in postmenopausal women using three test diets: high fat diet (HF; 40% energy from fat), low fat diet (LF; 20% of energy from fat) and low fat, high omega-3 diet (LFn3; 23% energy from fat; 3% omega-3 fatty acids) for 8 week periods. Urinary hormone concentrations for 16 women were compared among diets using a linear mixed model, and within diet comparisons were made using paired t-tests. Urinary excretion of estrone was greater after the LF and LFn3 compared to the HF (P = 0.004). Estrone excretion was increased from baseline within the LF only (P = 0.02). Total estrone + estradiol + estriol increased from baseline with LF (P = 0.02) and was greater than the other two diets at 8 weeks (P = 0.03). There were no effects on estrogen metabolites, including the 2-hydroxy estrone:16α-hydroxy estrone ratio. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that urinary sex hormone metabolism was modestly altered in postmenopausal women by a low fat dietary intervention.
Ingestion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and ovulation in rats
Reproduction, 1995
The effects of different ratios of dietary (n-3):(n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids on prostaglandin E, prostaglandin F2\g=a\ and ovulation in rats were assessed. Dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids were incorporated, by ovarian phospholipids with ovarian tissue enrichment, with (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids enhancing, and (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids reducing, the number of ova released in immature rats primed with pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin and human chorionic gonadotrophin. Incorporation of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids appeared to enhance ovulation by altering total prostaglandin E production. This effect may be induced by changes in the prostaglandin E3:E2 ratio and the synthesis of less biologically active prostaglandin E3, or by dilution of the anti-ovulatory properties attributable to prostaglandin E2. High incorporation of dietary (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids may lead to reduced ovulation through excessive production of prostaglandin E2. Prostaglandin E or F2\ g=a\ and alterations in tissue phospholipid composition inhibited progesterone release, and inhibition was independent of the series of prostaglandin produced. This study provides evidence that dietary lipids affect ovulation in rats with possible implications for reproduction in other vertebrates.
Elevated body fat percentage as a predictor of irregular ovulation and menstruation
Bulletin of Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences, 2022
Introduction: Excess body fat has been implicated in mediating irregular ovulation and menstruation. The aim of the current work was to study the potential impact of body fat percentage on the serum level of kisspeptin hormone and on the size of the ova, at day 11 of the menstrual cycle in females. Patients and Methods: The study was performed on 80 females, distributed into 3 groups. Group I (control): 20 females with regular menstrual cycles; Group II: 30 females with BMI < 30, with irregular menstrual cycles and Group III: 30 females with BMI ≥30 with irregular menstrual cycles. Females were subjected to detailed history taking, examination and investigations. A food frequency questionnaire was filled. Results: In patients having irregular menstruation (Group II and III), body fat percentage was elevated compared to the control group. They also had more abdominal adiposity. Their mean serum Kisspeptin level as well as the mean size of their ovarian follicles on day 11 were significantly lower compared to group I. Group II and III patients also had a significantly high intake of carbohydrates and a significantly lower intake of vegetables and fruits, compared to group I females. Conclusion: High body fat percentage more than 32 % might contribute to irregular ovulation via decreasing kisspeptin secretion and consequently reducing the size of ovarian follicle at day 11 of the menstrual cycle.
Cancer, 1994
The effect of dietary fiber and fat on serum sex hormones was studied in premenopausal women. After an initial control period during which the diet was high in fat (40% of calories as fat] and low in fiber (12 g/day), the amounts of fat and fiber were varied in the setting of a metabolic kitchen and carefully monitored meals. Forty-eight women completed 58 protocols. When the diet was changed to low-fat (ZO-Z5% calories as fat] and high fiber (40 g/day), there were significant decreases in serum concentrations of estrone, estrone sulfate, testosterone, androstenedione, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and near significant decreases in estradiol and free estradiol. When independent effects were examined, high fiber alone caused a decrease in estradiol and SHBG, whereas fat and fiber caused the observed decrease in estrone sulfate. Dietary fat independently influenced the serum concentration of androstenedione. Increased dietary fiber caused a lengthening of the menstrual cycle by 0.72 day and a lengthening of the follicular phase by 0.85 day. Concer 1994; 74:1125-31.
British Journal of Cancer, 1997
We are conducting a long-term randomized controlled trial to determine if intervention with a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet reduces breast cancer risk. The present study examines the effects of 2 years of dietary intervention on serum sex hormone levels in premenopausal women. Subjects with extensive mammographic densities were enrolled in a dietary intervention trial. The intervention involved intensive individual counselling aimed at reducing total dietary fat to 15% of calories. Control subjects received general advice about diet but were not counselled to change their fat intake. Serum sex hormone levels were measured in 220 premenopausal subjects at entry and 2 years after randomization. Two years after randomization oestradiol levels were 20% (70 pmol 1-1) lower (P = 0.04) and progesterone levels were 35% (1.0 nmol 1-1) lower (P = 0.004) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were 7% (1 IU) higher (P = 0.38) in the intervention group than in the control group. The FSH-oestradiol ratio was 13% higher in the intervention group (P= 0.18). Samples analysed accounting for the timing of the blood sample in relation to the menstrual cycle showed that, in the intervention group, oestradiol and progesterone levels were lower and FSH levels higher in subjects with blood samples taken more than 30 days after the last menstrual period. Because of the strong evidence linking ovarian hormonal activity to breast cancer risk, these results suggest that a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet may reduce risk of breast cancer by reducing exposure to ovarian hormones that are a stimulus to cell division in the breast.
Cancer, 2003
BACKGROUND. Reduction of cumulative exposure to endogenous ovarian steroid hormones is a postulated method for reducing the risk of carcinoma of the breast and other malignancies. Although there are data from trials evaluating the effect of low-fat and high-fiber diets on sex hormone levels in premenopausal women, to the authors' knowledge none of these trials has combined a relatively large number of participants, follow-up of Ͼ 2-3 months, parallel controls receiving a usual diet, and careful timing of blood sampling within the menstrual cycle.
Fatty acid reesterification but not oxidation is increased by oral contraceptive use in women
Journal of Applied Physiology, 2005
Fatty acid reesterification but not oxidation is increased by oral contraceptive use in women. We evaluated the hypothesis that fatty acid reesterification would be increased during rest and exercise in the midluteal menstrual cycle phase and during oral contraceptive use, when ovarian hormone concentrations are high, compared with the early follicular phase. Subjects were eight moderately active, weight-stable, eumenorrheic women (24.8 Ϯ 1.2 yr, peak oxygen consumption ϭ 42.0 Ϯ 2.3 ml ⅐ kg Ϫ1 ⅐ min Ϫ1 ) who had not taken oral contraceptives for at least 6 mo. Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) kinetics were assessed in the 3-h postprandial state by continuous infusion of [1-13 C]palmitate and [1,1,2,3,3-2 H]glycerol during 90 min of rest and 60 min of exercise at 45% and 65% peak oxygen consumption in the early follicular and midluteal menstrual cycle phases and during the inactive-and high-dose phases following 4 mo of oral contraceptive use. Plasma FFA rates of appearance, disappearance, and oxidation increased significantly from rest to exercise with no differences noted between menstrual cycle or oral contraceptive phases or exercise intensities. Compared with either menstrual cycle phase, oral contraceptive use resulted in an increase in plasma-derived fatty acid reesterification and a decrease in the proportion of plasma FFA rate of disappearance that was oxidized at rest and during exercise. Endogenous and exogenous synthetic ovarian hormones do not exert a measurable influence on plasma FFA turnover or oxidation at rest or during moderate-intensity exercise in the 3-h postprandial state when carbohydrate use predominates. The increase in whole body lipolytic rate during exercise noted previously with oral contraceptive use is not matched by an increase in fatty acid oxidation and results in an increase in reesterification. Synthetic ovarian hormones contained in oral contraceptives increase lipolytic rate, but fatty acid oxidation during exercise is determined by exercise intensity and its metabolic and endocrine consequences.
Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2020
The present study assessed the modulatory potentials of dietary n-3 [a-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3 ? docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 22:6n-3), and n-6 fatty acid (LA, 18:2n-6)] on anthropometric parameters and fertility indices in high-fatfed rats. Weanling female Wistar rats were fed with control diet (7% lard), high-fat diet (35% lard, HFL), high-fat with fish oil (21% fish oil ? 14% lard, HFF), high-fat with canola oil (21% canola oil ? 14% lard, HFC) and high-fat with sunflower oil (21% sunflower oil ? 14% lard, HFS) for 2 months, mated and continued on their diets during pregnancy. At gestation day 18-20, the intra-uterine environment was examined in representative rats, and the rest were allowed for delivering pups. The pups after lactation were subjected to mating and feeding trials as above. Growth parameters (body weight, body length (BL), abdominal circumference (AC), thoracic circumference (TC), and Lee index and fertility parameters (litter size and sex ratio) were studied. Feeding HFL diet increased BL (16%), AC (33%) and TC (21%) compared to control (p \ 0.05). Adipose tissue accumulation was 11% higher in the HFL group compared to control and was lowered with n-3 fatty acid incorporation in the diet. HFL group exhibited a lower percentage of fertility, pregnancy, and delivery indices. Litter size was decreased by 20%, and litter weight was increased by 23% in HFL group compared to control with more male pups. Our study indicated that n-3 to a larger extent than n-6 fatty acids modulated high-fat induced changes in the anthropometric parameters and fertility indices.