Duplex numbers, diffusion systems, and generalized quantum mechanics (original) (raw)

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I review the various algebraic foundations of quantum mechanics. They have been suggested since the birth of this theory till up to last year. They are the following ones: Heisenberg-Born-Jordan’s (1925), Weyl’s (1928), Dirac’s (1930), von Neumann’s (1936), Segal’s (1947), T.F. Jordan’s (1986), Morchio and Strocchi’s (2009) and Buchholz and Fregenhagen’s (2019). Three cases are stressed: 1) the misinterpretation of Dirac’s foundation; 2) von Neumann’s ‘conversion’ from the analytic approach of Hilbert space to the algebraic approach of the rings of operators; 3) the recent foundation of quantum mechanics upon the algebra of perturbation Lagrangians. Moreover, historical considerations on the go-and-stop path performed by the algebraic approach in the history of QM are offered. The level of formalism has increased from the mere introduction of matrices till up to group theory and C*-algebras. But there was no progress in approaching closer the foundations of physics; therefore the pr...

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UDC 517.9 The backgrounds of quantum mathematics, a new discipline in mathematical physics, are discussed and analyzed from both historical and analytical points of view. The magic properties of the second quantization method, invented by Fock in 1934, are demonstrated, and an impressive application to the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems is considered. Von Neumann first applied the spectral theory of self-adjoint operators on Hilbert spaces to explain the radiation spectra of atoms and the related matter stability [2] (1926); Fock was the first to introduce the notion of many-particle Hilbert space, named a Fock space, and introduced related creation and annihilation operators acting on it [3] (1932); Weyl understood the fundamental role of the notion of symmetry in physics and developed a physics-oriented group theory; moreover, he showed the importance of different representations of classical matrix groups for physics and studied unitary representations of the Heisenberg-Weyl group related to creation and annihilation operators on a Fock space [4] (1931). At the end of the 20th century, new developments were due to Faddeev with co-workers (quantum inverse spectral theory transform [5], 1978); Drinfeld, Donaldson, and Witten (quantum groups and algebras, quantum topology, and quantum superanalysis [6-8], 1982-1994);

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Earlier work on modular arithmetic of k-ary representations of length L of the natural numbers in quantum mechanics is extended here to k-ary representations of all natural numbers, and to integers and rational numbers. Since the length L is indeterminate, representations of states and operators using creation and annihilation operators for bosons and fermions are defined. Emphasis is on definitions and properties of operators corresponding to the basic operations whose properties are given by the axioms for each type of number. The importance of the requirement of efficient implementability for physical models of the axioms is emphasized. Based on this, successor operations for each value of j corresponding to +k j−1 are defined. It follows from the efficient implementability of these successors, which is the case for all computers, that implementation of the addition and multiplication operators, which are defined in terms of polynomially many iterations of the successors, should be efficient. This is not the case for definitions based on just the successor for j = 1. This is the only successor defined in the usual axioms of arithmetic.

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This paper represents one approach to making explicit some of the assumptions and conditions implied in the widespread representation of numbers by composite quantum systems. Any nonempty set and associated operations is a set of natural numbers or a model of arithmetic if the set and operations satisfy the axioms of number theory or arithmetic. This work is limited to k − ary representations of length L and to the axioms for arithmetic modulo k L . A model of the axioms is described based on an abstract L fold tensor product Hilbert space H arith . Unitary maps of this space onto a physical parameter based product space H phy are then described. Each of these maps makes states in H phy , and the induced operators, a model of the axioms. Consequences of the existence of many of these maps are discussed along with the dependence of Grover's and Shor's Algorithms on these maps. The importance of the main physical requirement, that the basic arithmetic operations are efficiently implementable, is discussed. This condition states that there exist physically realizable Hamiltonians that can implement the basic arithmetic operations and that the space-time and thermodynamic resources required are polynomial in L.

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The representation of numbers by tensor product states of composite quantum systems is examined. Consideration is limited to k − ary representations of length L and arithmetic modk L . An abstract representation on an L fold tensor product Hilbert space H arith of number states and operators for the basic arithmetic operations is described. Unitary maps onto a physical parameter based tensor product space H phy are defined and the relations between these two spaces and the dependence of algorithm dynamics on the unitary maps is discussed. The important condition of efficient implementation by physically realizable Hamiltonians of the basic arithmetic operations is also discussed.