CHARACTERIZATION OF THE OTTOMAN CERAMIC TILES IN THE FAÇADE OF MUSTAFA SINAN'S SAPIL (CAIRO, EGYPT (original) (raw)
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Analysis of mortars applied to the remains surrounding the Monastery of Apa Shenoute, Sohag, Egypt
Advanced Research in Conservation Science, 2024
This paper aims to characterize the different types of mortars used in a specific area most at risk of extinction at Apa Shenoute Monastery, including flooring, bedding, cladding and jointing mortars, in order to document their compositions and technologies. Due to the continuous exposure to erosion that has resulted in their deterioration over time, such a survey enables a proper understanding of their state of preservation, their composition as well as assists in the proper planning of future restoration work.To achieve this goal, representative samples of different types of applied mortars were subjected to in situ visual inspection, polarizing light microscope, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, grain size distribution analysis, and scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray unit. Obtained results characterize optical, mineralogical, and technical properties of selected mortar samples. The results revealed the use of calcitic lime as a binder in all types of mortars with various Binder/Aggregate ratio, ranging from 1:1 to 2.3:1 with the exception of almost free aggregate mortars used in connecting mortars of clay pipes. Moreover, flooring and plastering mortars are composed of multiple layers. In the case of flooring mortars, it has been observed that fragments of limestone (0.5 to 3.5 mm) are added to the lower layer and fragments of brick dust are added to the upper layer as an artificial pozzolanic material. Different colours of the cladding and the jointing mortar of the kiln, varying between orange, grey-olive and black were attributed to the exposed firing temperature. The information gathered should be useful for specific selection criteria for compatible restoration materials and techniques
The restoration of architectural monuments constituted a common practice in the ancient Mediterranean world and the use of artificial binders in repairing blocks is attested both by literary sources and archaeological evidence. However, the knowledge on the use of these ancient binders and their components is limited, due to the shortness and indefiniteness of the ancient recipes and the difficulty of obtaining and analyzing samples from blocks that have remained exposed to atmospheric agents and have undergone degradation. The paper focuses on the exceptional context of Hierapolis of Phrygia (Denizli, Turkey), where many ancient binders used in the restoration of Roman Imperial-era buildings (Sanctuary of Apollo, Theatre, North Agora and Ploutonion) have been identified. Thanks to the good state of conservation of these materials, the paper offers the unique opportunity for studying the role of organic additives used in the ancient bonding mortars and understanding the technologies adopted in the architectural restoration. Several analytical methodologies (Pyrolosis and Gas chromatography coupled with Mass Spectroscopy; X-ray diffractometry and Optical Microscopy) were applied to identify the organic and inorganic components. The mortars sampled in Hierapolis showed the presence of casein, animal glue, beeswax and Pinaceae resin, in agreement with the survived ancient recipes on bonding mortars. However, the archaeometric data revealed the use of complex mixtures, which are also attested by the literary sources. In particular, the use of calcite together with various organic additives appeared to be a common practice. Criteria of selection and use of the different mixtures have been discussed.
New Materials for Finishing of Ancient Monuments and Process of Obtaining and Applying
2021
The work relates to a composition of an additive mortar with a volumetric weight below 250kg/mc, the thermal conductivity coefficient below 0,08kcal/m×h×°C, mechanical strengths more than 7daN/cm2 with self-cleaning effect after commissioning. In order to obtain a selfcleaning effect over time by eliminating chromatic deviations, the composition of ZnO, TiO2 and the three colored ceramics mixture is reformulated by optimizing the content based on color adjustment, by using a specialized software and CIE L*a*b* colorimetry for pressed bulk powders, at the medium one given by the patina. The composition optimization is performed by modifying, as appropriate, the addition rate of eggshell powder by a reformulated percentage related to the three fine colored ceramic powders. The freshly prepared mortar is applied to the restoration of the historical monument’s facades through physical-structural and chromatic reintegration interventions. Depending on the conservation state of the appare...
Egyptian Islamic Buildings are suffering from a lot of detorioration types, mainly groundwater and salt weathering which have caused the complete loss of the decorations of some of these mihrabs. Many mihrabs in egyptain islamic buildings need restoration and conservation, as islamic buildings are one of the most famouse hestorical places in egypt and over the world finding solution for this problem become very urgent. A physiochemical study using analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy was done. This characterization study, on one hand helping us to reach for the optimum conservation and completion methods; on the other hand, the deterioration factors of mosaic were determined. All analytical methods indicated that the Al-Mansour kalaoun mosaic mihrab contains lime, Gypsum, Dolomite, Quartz, Calcite and Aragonite. It also proves that sodium chloride (halite) is the principal salt causing deterioration.
Study and comparative approach to materials used in ancient Egypt and the modern era
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It is widely recognized that today people around the world still admire the Egyptian civilization and wonder how Egyptians came to manufacture mortar. The present work aims to study the construction materials that were used in ancient Egypt and their development over time. To do this, it was decided to first evaluate the physical and mechanical performances of the building materials used at that time and then try to investigate and understand the handling process as well as the construction methods adopted currently. For this, cement (NA442 CEM II/B-L 42.5 N) and local sand were replaced at different proportions with lime in the formulation of mortar, the sand used whose mixture was relative to that of the sand (0/4) and (0/1) values of 65% and 35%, respectively. A number of tests were carried out on two types of mortar prepared with two different formulations. The first formulation, which included quicklime, was subjected to a simple treatment in order to obtain aerial lime and to understand the different formulation stages that were followed in the Ancient Egyptian times. Knowing that the objective was to revive the method of manufacturing works from the ancient era, thus using a variable rate of substitution (0%, 50% to 70%) of lime, limestone and gypsum to obtain the binder by also studying the stakes of this variation on the reduction of the quantity of cement in the mortar which consisted in the preparation of fourteen test series in order to converge on the impact of the experiments sought. The second one consisted, at a later time, in preparing some series of mortar incorporating aerial lime brought from the manufacturing plant. After analyzing the prepared material, it was deemed interesting to attempt to quantitatively reconstruct the composition of the material using the Vicat test for the purpose of assessing the cement slurry setting process for stylolithic joints which, to the best of our knowledge, are very well developed only in limestones. Also noting that, the composition of the mortar and the rate of substitution evolved according to the results obtained upstream while keeping the objective of this research which was to reproduce a composition compatible with the old days.
Methods for the analysis of materials used in the rehabilitation of historical constructions
Constructii: Journal of Civil Engineering Research, 2018
In the case of repairs and restoration of historical buildings, the difficulty lies in preserving their value. It is important that the used materials to be as similar as the original ones, both in terms of composition and of application mode. The purpose of this paper is to present a synthesis of current analysis of techniques and methods for the used building materials in the historical buildings rehabilitation. Therefore, a bibliographic study has been carried out regarding the causes and types of degradation, the evolution in time of construction and building materials and the current analysis methods on their characteristics and the compatibility with the original substrate, too. The results of the theoretical analysis have shown that the degradation of historical constructions can occur as a result of natural causes (chemical, physical, biological and mechanical) or traumatic (fires, earthquakes and wars), resulting in strength and stability reduction of the structure, the los...
In order to aid research, improve preservation actions and develop better options for future interventions it is important to know the preservation materials and procedures adopted throughout the past and especially the ones being adopted nowadays. A survey to specialists working in situ in preservation and restoration of glazed decorative tiles has been performed aiming at getting insight on their type of training, work portfolio, opinions, the current materials and procedures used in the diverse phases of a preservation intervention (diagnosis, cleaning, consolidation, bonding fragments and fixing of glazed layer, volumetric and chromatic reintegration, final coating, resetting of tiles and manufacture of replicas) and the criteria/factors that support the specialists choices.
ON-Tech project – A bridge in restoration mortars (L. Medeghini et al.)
3rd International Conference TMM-CH Transdisciplinary Multispectral Modelling and Cooperation for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage, 2023
Universities, research centres, conservators and a small industry are working together in the ON-Tech project aiming at producing innovative hydraulic mortars for restauration, which will be able to be also used in modern construction industry. The starting idea is from the archaeometric research of ancient mortars from the Trajan Aqueduct (Rome, II century AD) which highlighted a unique composition of the hydraulic mortars allowing the monument to survive till now. ON-Tech project is based on the idea to produce restoration mortars according to the ancient recipe, which proved to be highly durable and resistant thanks to a perfect mix of starting raw materials, grain size and production technology. Therefore, the main objective is to create a bridge between the material technology of our past and our present actions to make them more effective and sustainable to preserve cultural heritage for future generations. The know-how of the partners and their backgrounds are mix together in producing eco-friendly and green materials, free of dangerous substances, in a sustainable perspective for the protection of Cultural Heritage. Preliminary results about the characterization of the starting raw materials and of the new formulations are analysed to define the nature and to evaluate their quality. Pozzolan materials from the surrounding of Bracciano Lake have been analysed by means of optical microscopy (OM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDS) highlighting the differences in holocrystalline matrix, leucite crystals, amount of phenocrystals (clinopyroxenes and feldspars) and porosity. After the preliminary results, the best pozzolan materials were chosen for the new formulations, which have been then analysed from the mineralogical, petrographic and chemical point of view.
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In historical stone structures, material deterioration occurs over time due to climate-related reasons. In order to perform the correct interventions to these material deteriorations in the building, original material properties should be determined and restoration applications should be carried out in accordance with these properties. In this study, it was aimed to examine the material properties and problems of the Mor Yakup Church, in the Nusaybin District of Mardin Province, in order to create a laboratory guideline that reveals the material analysis to be used in the restorations to be made at the regional scale of Mardin. Although many studies have been carried out on the structure, up-to-date information and data on the chemical-physical decomposition processes that have occurred on the material over the years are lacking. In order to ll this gap and provide basic information for the proper preservation of the structure, the Mor Yakup Church was analyzed. This structure is important in that it is the rst university of education in the world that has survived to the present day. In this study, eld studies and laboratory studies were carried out to determine the textural, physical, chemical, mineralogical and mechanical properties of the material used in the building, and the changes it has undergone over the years. The weathering pattern, forms and pro les show that the limestone deteriorates due to the cement-containing mortars used in the building and environmental effects (especially from the exhaust gas effect). It has been determined that nitrate salt has a role in the intense black layering, which can be observed visually, especially on the stone surfaces.
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